Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo lwama-dinosaurs ayekhona ngesikhathi se-Jurassic phakathi nenkathi ye-Mesozoic. Yahlala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-155 edlule futhi cishe i-apatosaurus. Lolu hlobo lwaqala ukuchazwa ngonyaka we-1877 nesazi se-paleontologist saseMelika esaziwayo ogama lakhe kwakungu-Othniel Marsh. Ingenye yezibankwakazi ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, njengoba ingenye yezimbalwa ezikwazile ukuba nezinsalela zamathambo eziphelele.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, indawo yokuhlala, ukudla kanye nokuzala kabusha kwe-Apatosaurus.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuwuhlobo lwe-dinosaur okutholakale kulo i-fossil ephelele. Ngenxa yalokhu, ochwepheshe abaningi baye bakwazi ukusungula izici eziningi nezici zokuphila kwalezi zilwane. I-dinosaur eningi kakhulu eyabelana ngezici ezithile nezinye zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zamanje. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kanye nezinga layo eliyinkimbinkimbi, kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi ngaphandle kokungabaza kwakuyinto ephilayo yamangqamuzana amaningi. Kuphinde kuthiwe bayizilwane ze-triblastic. Kusho ukuthi, Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo kwe-embryonic, aveza izingqimba zamagciwane ezi-3. Lezi zingqimba zaziwa ngokuthi i-ectoderm, i-endoderm, ne-mesoderm. Kulezi zingqimba kwakheka izicubu nezitho ezihlukene ezakha idayinaso.
Kuthiwa kwakuyi-dinosaur enemikhuba enokuthula eyayivame ukwanela emihlambini. Yaphinde yazalana ngokobulili futhi yavundiswa ngaphakathi. Njengoba babene-oviparous, ukuzala kwabo kwakusekelwe emaqandeni. Yasebenzisa amandla ukuze izivikele ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezidla ezinye.
Amaphiko ale dinosaur ayenjalo Ingafinyelela kumamitha angu-5 ubude namamitha angu-25 ubude. Isisindo sayo sasicishe sibe amathani angama-30. Phakathi kwezici eziyinhloko ze-Apatosaurus sithola isikhumba esiqinile esasisivumela ukuthi sisinde ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezizingelayo futhi simelane namazinga okushisa aphansi. Intamo yayinde kakhulu njengomsila. Ngokusho kwezinsalela eziqoqwe, intamo yayinama-vertebrae angu-15, kwakukhona i-10 ku-thorax kanti enye i-5 esifundeni esingcwele. Emsileni kuye kwenzeka ukuqoqa ama-vertebrae angaphezu kuka-80.
Yayinama-quadrupedal futhi inamalungu amabili asiza ukubamba kanye nokugcina ibhalansi. Imilenze yayiqinile, ifana kakhulu neyezindlovu zamanje. Ikhanda, kodwa, lalincane kakhulu ngobukhulu uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba wonke. Ubuchopho bulinganiselwa ku-10 cm kuphela, ngakho babungenawo amandla amaningi okucabanga.
Indawo yokuhlala nokusatshalaliswa kwe-Apatosaurus
Mayelana nendawo esatshalaliswa ngayo i-Apatosaurus, singaqinisekisa ukuthi yayihlala endaweni yaseNyakatho Melika. Lapha yayingase isakazekele ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengeColorado, Utah, Wyoming kanye ne-Oklahoma. Izinsalela zamathambo zonke seziqoqwe kulezi zindawo. Ngalesi sizathu, kucatshangwa ukuthi indawo yokusabalalisa ikhula ngalezi zindawo. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi, phakathi nenkathi yeJurassic, amazwekazi ayesakha iPangea, akushiwo ukuthi izinsalela ze-Apatosaurus zingaqhubeka nokuqoqwa kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba esezihlukene kakade.
Mayelana nendawo yokuhlala, singasho ukuthi ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi babehlala ezindaweni eziseduze nosebe lomfula. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi i-Apatosaurus yayingahlala kwamanye amahlathi liphikwa ngokuqinile. Futhi ukuthi ngosayizi omkhulu enabo, cishe akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukuthi ikwazi ukuhamba kalula endaweni evinjiwe. Ukuphakama kwayo kusiza ukuthi ifinyelele emagatsheni aphakeme kakhulu ezihlahla ukuze idle. Kuyinto efana nalokho okwenzeka ngezindlulamithi.
Kukhona iminyaka eminingi lapho ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi le dinosaur yayihlala emanzini. Kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi akwazi ukugcina isisindo sakhe ezithweni zakhe. Sikhuluma ngamathani angama-30. Kukhona ukuhlaziya okusha okukwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi izitho bezikulungele ngokugcwele ukusekela umzimba osindayo ezindaweni eziphila emhlabeni.
I-Apatosaurus yokudla
Njengoba sike sasho ngaphambili, iyidayinaso emnene enokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni. Kungashiwo ukuthi isilwane esidla uhlaza. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi futhi ezazidliwa yi-Apatosaurus kwakukhona amahlumela namahlamvu athambile. Kungashiwo ukuthi bebephequlula izilwane. Kuye kwaba nokwenzeka futhi ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo lezi dinosaur ezidla kuzo. Ikakhulukazi Ukudla kwabo kwakusekelwe kuma-ginkgos, ama-cycads namaconifers.
Ngenxa yobude nobukhulu bazo, zazingakaze zibe nokuncintisana kwezinye izilwane ezidla uhlaza. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi ngentamo yabo ende babekwazi ukufinyelela eziqongweni zezihlahla ezinde kakhulu lapho amanye ama-dinosaurs ayengafinyeleli khona. Ukondla kube lula ngamazinyo kanye nokwakheka komgudu wokugaya ukudla. Amazinyo ayemise okweshizolo futhi enemiqhele ephakeme. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo samazinyo, yayikwazi ngokukhethekile ukusika ukudla, ngakho kwakulula ukukhipha izingcezu zezitshalo ezidliwayo.
Leli sethi lamazinyo bekungelona elifaneleka kakhulu ukucubungula nokuchoboza amaqabunga ngendlela efanele, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi leli dinosaur linezinye izindlela ezenza inqubo yalo yokugaya iphumelele. Ngokucabangela lesi sici, izifundo eziningi ziye zahlaziya izinsalela ezihambisana nengxenye yesisu. Lapha bathole inqwaba yamatshe abizwa ngokuthi ama-gastroliths. Ngenxa yala mazwe, kungenziwa inqubo yokugaya esebenza kahle kakhulu, kwazise babephethe ukugaya ukudla. Lolu sizo lwe-gastrolith aluhlukile ezilwaneni. Ukuba khona kwalezi zingcezu zamatshe esiswini kuye kwabonwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinyoni.
Ukuzala
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, yaphinde yazalana ngokocansi. Ukuvundisa kwakungaphakathi futhi lokhu kwaholela enqubweni yokuhlanganisa. Owesilisa wasebenzisa isitho sokukopisha ukuze ethule isidoda ngaphakathi emzimbeni wowesifazane. Phakathi kwemikhuba yokukhwelana yalezi dinosaur kwakukhona lezo lapho amaduna ayedonsa ukunaka kwezinsikazi lapho eselungele ukukhwelana.
Mayelana nokuvundiswa, sike sasho ngaphambili ukuthi ukuzala kwakungamaqanda.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-Apatosaurus nezici zayo.