Dinosaurs

Ayini ama-dinosaurs kanye nencazelo evamile

Engasekho e-Cretaceous, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule, ama-dinosaurs athathe ukunakwa kusukela kwabancane kakhulu kuya kuma-paleontologists ama-dinosaur. Akumangazi, ngoba ziyizidalwa ezinamaphiko amakhulukazi ukuthi sonke sithanda ukucabanga ukuthi ngolunye usuku zazulazula kanjani ngokukhululeka emhlabeni wethu. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-240/230 edlule, yingakho babeyizilwane ezinomgogodla. obusa eMhlabeni iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-165-175.

Noma kunjalo igama elithi dinosaur lisho "isibankwa esibi" (eyakhiwe uRichard Owen), ayizange iziphathe njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo njengoba sizazi namuhla. Eqinisweni, indlela yabo yokuhamba ekuqaleni yayiyi-bipedal, futhi ngisho nocwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi zingaba izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele. Njengoba i-metabolism iphezulu, kude nalokho obekungalindelwa esilwaneni esikhulu, bebezoshesha futhi bezojwayela ngokushesha izinguquko kunalokho obekulindelwe. Ngisho, kungenzeka ukuthi bathuthukise amakhono okuxhumana nabantu, okwabenza baphila imihlambi. Isizathu esingachaza indlela okuye kwatholakala ngayo izinsalela zayo eziningi.

Isifinyezo seziqalo nokubukeka kwama-dinosaurs

U-Eoraptor wayengomunye wama-dinosaurs okuqala ukuba khona

Ama-Dinosaurs avele ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-Triassic. Ingabe inzalo yama-archosaur, zona lezi okuphuma kuzo izingwenya nezinyoni. Bavuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-20 ngemva kokuqothulwa okukhulu kwe-Permian - Triassic, okuqothule u-95% wempilo eyayikhona emhlabeni. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi yini imbangela yalokhu kushabalala, kodwa impilo ithathe isikhathi eside ukuthi ilulame ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu obe nayo.

Isikhathi ababekhona ngaso kwakuyiMesozoic.Eyaziwa nangokuthi iminyaka yama-dinosaurs. Isuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-225 kuya kwezingama-65 edlule. Ithatha ingxenye ye-Triassic, nayo yonke iJurassic neCretaceous. Enye yezibankwakazi zokuqala kwakuyi-Eoraptor, isilwane esizingela kabili. Kubhekwa njengokhokho ovamile wawo wonke ama-dinosaurs ake akhona. Ngesikhathi seJurassic, singathola ama-dinosaurs aziwa ngokuthi i-Diplodocus, eyayikhona phakathi kweminyaka eyi-156 ne-145 million edlule. I-Tyrannosaurus Rex edumile yayingenye yezinhlobo zokugcina ukuba khona Kunalokho, yaphila ekupheleni kweCretaceous, phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-68 kanye ne-66 edlule.

Ngaleso sikhathi, isimo sezulu sasifudumele kakhulu kunanamuhla. Cishe ngo-10 degrees ngaphezulu. Ukugxila kwe-carbon dioxide izikhathi ezi-4 ngaphezulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okwakukhona. Ingxenye esemhlabeni, ehlangene ezwenikazi elilodwa, iPangea, ayizange ibangele ugu oluningi, ngakho umphumela wokuthambisa wolwandle wawungekho. Isimo sezulu sasezwekazini sasenza ihlobo lishise kakhulu, nobusika bubanda kakhulu.

Ayenjani ama-dinosaur?

Hlobo luni lwe-morphology ama-dinosaur ayenalo?

Lonke ulwazi oluqoqwe namuhla luvela kumarekhodi ezinsalela. Phakathi kwazo zingaba ngamathambo noma zingabambi, njengezinyathelo zezinyawo, ubulongwe, izimpaphe, ukubonakala kwesikhumba, nezicubu ezithambile nezitho zangaphakathi. Ngokulandelayo, ukuze baqonde futhi banqume ukuziphatha kwabo kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, imikhakha ehlukahlukene yesayensi iqala ukusebenza. I-Biology, i-chemistry, i-physics kanye ne-paleontology ikakhulukazi. Phakathi kwazo zonke, kusukela kumarekhodi atholakele, sithatha njengereferensi ulwazi esinalo namuhla lwezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, ngisho ne-physics ukuchaza i-biomechanics yazo, singaqonda ngokuseduze ukuthi zazinjani.

Ayemakhulu kangakanani ama-dinosaur?

Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ubukhulu bezibankwakazi bashintsha phakathi nezikhathi ezahlukene eyayikhona kanye nesifunda. Isibonelo, ama-80% ama-dinosaurs atholakala ku-Morrison Formation, entshonalanga ye-United States nalapho amathambo okuqala atholakala khona ngo-1877, abonakala nge-Stegosaurus kanye nama-sauropods. Lesi sakamuva sasinesisindo esilinganiselwe esingamathani angama-20, okungama-dinosaurs amakhulu kunawo wonke ake aba khona. Izinsalela ezitholakala lapho zingezeJurassic.

Kodwa-ke, izinto ezisanda kutholwa ezinjengalezo zika-2015 ziphakamisa ukuthi ubukhulu bama-dinosaurs base bukhulu kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Konke lokhu njengomphumela wokutholakala e-Argentina ngo-2015. Kwatholakala uhlaka lwamathambo e-dinosaur entsha, i-Ingentia Prima. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yayikhona phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-228 nezingu-201 eminyakeni edlule, ku-Triassic. Kulinganiselwa futhi ukuthi ubukhulu bayo bungaba ngamamitha angu-8 kuya kwangu-10 ubude, nesisindo esijwayelekile samathani angu-9. Lo mugqa omusha uchaza ukuthi ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Isu elenza ama-dinosaur abe imidondoshiya lalingaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu kunokucatshangwa, eqinisweni, cishe kusukela ekuqaleni zaqala ukuba khona. Indida yalokhu kutholakala ukuthi kwakunenkolelo yokuthi ekuqaleni ayemancane, kuyilapho empeleni i-Ingentia Prima iyisizathu sokuthi le nkolelo ayikho.

Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwe-Ingentia Prima nomuntu

Iningi lezinsalela azikambiwa, futhi iningi lazo zonke izinhlobo zama- dinosaur ezake zaba khona azikatholakali noma cishe azikatholakali ngisho nezinsalela zazo. Ubukhulu babo bashintsha kakhulu, njenge-gigantic Argentinosaurus, Puertasaurus noma esanda kutholakala I-Patagotitan, ubukhulu bayo bufinyelele kumamitha angu-40 futhi inesisindo samathani angama-70. Abanye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bancane kakhulu, njengeCompsognathus, okwakukholelwa ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-90 iyi-dinosaur encane kunazo zonke, enobude obuyimitha eli-1 futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-3-4. Nokho, muva nje, okusha okutholakele kuye kwasusa lokho "ubuholi", futhi kwatholakala nezinhlobo ezincane. Isibonelo, i- I-Hesperonychus, enobukhulu obungamasentimitha angama-50, isisindo esingamakhilogremu ama-2, kanye ne-bipedal morphology efana ne-Compsognathus.

ukuziphatha kwe-dinosaur

Njengoba izinyoni, izingwenya, nama-dinosaurs ehla kuma-archosaur, kukhona ukuvumelana okulungile kokuthi izici eziningi zokuziphatha zivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni nokuziphatha kwazo emphakathini ezihlala emhlambini. Izincazelo zalokhu zisekelwa indlela okutholwe ngayo izinsalela eziningi zezinsalela, ukuma kwamathambo, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokulingiswa kwe-biomechanical ngekhompyutha.

Este ukuziphatha komhlambi Lokhu kwacaca kakade lapho ngo-1878 31 amathambo e-Iguanodon atholakala ndawonye eBelgium. Ngaphandle kwezizathu eziholele ekufeni kweqembu, noma ngabe ukuwa, izisulu zezinye idayinaso, njll. Into exakayo ukuthi amadiphozithi anamathambo ohlobo olufanayo avame ukutholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinye sezibonakaliso yileso sezinyathelo zezinyawo ezinezinsalela, eziqinisekisa kabusha lokhu kuziphatha kobudlelwane nomphakathi.

incazelo yokuthi ama-dinosaurs aziphatha kanjani

[kuqokonyiswe] Ama-crests nama-ruffs amanye ama-dinosaur asikisela ukuthi ayengase asetshenziswe njengesiyengo sokukhwelana nezinjongo zobulili.[/okuqokonyisiwe] Isizathu sokucabanga ukuthi awazange asetshenziselwe ukuzivikela kungenxa yobuthaka bawo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaselwa phakathi kwama-dinosaurs kwakuvamile. Izinsalela zokulunywa umsila zitholakele, futhi kukhona ngisho nezinsalela ezifana naleyo yeVelociraptor ehlasela i-Protoceratops. Ezinye izinsalela zensalela zibonakala zibonisa ukuthi ubuzimuzimu phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kungenzeka ukuthi bukhona. Kodwa-ke, izici ezithile zazihluke kakhulu phakathi kwazo, kuye ngendawo yazo, ukudla kwazo, ubukhulu, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, njll. Okuthile okuboniswayo, ngokwezinhlobo esibhekisela kuzo.

I-Therizinosaurus

I-Therizinosaurus yayiyi-herbivorous theropod.

Umhlaba wama-dinosaurs uyaqhubeka nokugcina izinto eziningi ezingaziwa nezingaqondakali ezingaxazululeki. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nesayensi isiza kakhulu ukuthola okwengeziwe ngalezi zilwane ezihlaba umxhwele ezashabalala, izazi ze-paleontology zisenemibuzo eminingi engaphenduleki. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto ezitholakala ezinsalini zezinhlobo eziningi, ezinye zazo zisekelwe ikakhulukazi ekuqageleni nasekuqhathaniseni okwenziwa nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene. Yilokho okwenzekayo I-Therizinosaurus, i-theropod kuze kube namuhla isalokhu iyindida kochwepheshe.

Nakuba okuningi kwalokho esikwaziyo njengamanje ngale dinosaur kuwukuqagela nje, lezi zicutshungulwa futhi zicatshangwe ngokucophelela ngochwepheshe abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kungakho sizochaza kulesi sihloko ukuthi yini I-Therizinosaurus, indlela ayebukeka ngayo, nokuthi abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi wayedlani.

Funda ngaphezulu

I-Titanosaurus

I-Titanosaurus yayinentamo ende

Eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, umhlaba wezitshalo wawuhluke kakhulu, njengoba kwakunjalo nezakhamuzi zawo. Ama-dinosaurs adumile, esiwacabanga namuhla ngesici esisabekayo, ayengamakhosi omhlaba nezilwandle. Ngenxa ye-paleontology, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziye zaziwa ngezinsalela zamathambo nokwakhiwa kabusha kwamathambo azo. Nokho, kukhona ezinye zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zangaphambi komlando ezikhona kusangabazeka, njengeTitanosaurus, isibonelo.

Ingabe ufuna ukwazi? Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngokuthi yayiyini i-Titanosaurus, ukuthi inkulu kangakanani nokuthi yatholakala kuphi, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Ukwengeza, sizochaza ukuthi iyini i-cacall taxon kanye nobudlelwane bayo nalesi silwane. Uma uthanda ama-dinosaurs futhi ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngawo, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda.

Funda ngaphezulu

intamo ende

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene ezingezona ezinde

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-dinosaurs atholakala namuhla. Izazi ze-paleontology, ososayensi nabacwaningi benza umsebenzi omningi bechaza lezi zilwane ezinkulu ezashabalala. Eminyakeni edlule, ezinye zalezi zibankwa ziye zaduma kakhulu kubantu abangazibophezeli ku-paleontology. Kodwa-ke, amagama anikezwe ama-dinosaurs ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuwakhumbula. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwavela amagama athile abhekisela eqenjini elithile, elinjengentamo ende.

Lo mqondo uhlanganisa zonke lezo zilwane ezidla uhlaza ezinentamo ende kakhulu. Njengamanje, isilwane esingafakwa kuleli qembu kungaba indlulamithi. Kodwa phakathi kwama-dinosaurs kwakunamanye ambalwa agqama ngokuba nentamo ende kakhulu maqondana nomzimba wawo. I-Brachiosaurus, i-Apatosaurus noma i-Argentinosaurus yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje. Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngama-longnecks nabameleli babo abadume kakhulu.

Funda ngaphezulu

izibankwakazi ezidume kakhulu

Phakathi kwama-dinosaurs adume kakhulu, i-Tyrannosaurus rex igqama.

Kunenani elikhulu lama-dinosaurs ahlala emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umhlaba wesayensi uthola okwengeziwe ngalezi zidalwa kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane zitholakala. Ngenxa yeHollywood, ezinye zalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingasekho sezidume kakhulu kubantu. Yingakho sinikezela lesi sihloko kuma-dinosaurs adume kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kokuqamba amagama athandwa kakhulu, sizophinde sikhulume kancane mayelana nezici zabo kanye nezinto abazithandayo. badleni? Babephila kanjani? Ingabe ukumelwa kwayo kwe-cinematographic kunembe ngezinga elingakanani? Ukuze uthole izimpendulo zale mibuzo, qhubeka ufunda.

Funda ngaphezulu

I-Megalosaurus

Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla inyama eziningi ezashabalala ezahlala emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule kuneMegalosaurus. Bayibhabhadisa ngaleli gama ngenxa yobukhulu bayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhunyushwa kungaba "isibankwa esikhulu". Le dinosaur yayiphila ngesikhathi seJurassic, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-167 edlule. Uma kucatshangelwa izindawo lapho kutholakale khona izinsalela zalesi silwane, kungenzeka ukuthi zazihlala ezindaweni zaseYurophu, eMelika, e-Afrika nase-Asia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kocwaningo, ihlobene ne-Poekilopleuron yaseFrance kanye ne-Torvosaurus yaseNyakatho Melika.

Uma unentshisekelo kule carnivore enkulu, qhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko. Sizokhuluma ngomlando wabo, ukudla kwabo kanye nezincazelo zamanje nezindala.

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i-coelacanth

I-coelacanth ingesinye sezilwane ezindala kunazo zonke ezikhona eMhlabeni. Eqinisweni, kwenzeka ukuthi yayingasekho kusukela eCretaceous. Nokho, ngokuhamba kweminyaka kuye kwatholakala izibonelo, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1938 eNingizimu Afrika noma ngo-1998 e-Indonesia.

Kodwa, yini i-coelacanth? Iziphi izici enazo? Kungani esaphila? Konke lokhu, nokunye okuningi, yilokho esizokutshela khona ngokulandelayo.

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Ama-Dinosaurs eSpain

ESpain kukhona amadiphozithi amaningi

ISpain, njengamanye amazwe, yayinezilwane zayo ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, kuhlanganise nezibankwakazi. Eziningi zazo zitholwe eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, futhi kukhona ngisho iziza, imizila kanye neminyuziyamu lapho abalandeli abaningi bengajabulela ukuvakashela lawa maphuzu olwazi mayelana nezibankwakazi eSpain.

Kulesi sihloko uzothola amanye ama-dinosaurs amele kakhulu atholakale eSpain, kanye neminyuziyamu nemizila ongafunda ngayo futhi ujabulele.

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Izibankwakazi zasemanzini

AmaDinosaur Asemanzini Empeleni Ayeyizilwane Ezihuquzelayo Zasolwandle

Phakathi nenkathi yeMesozoic, ama-dinosaurs ayengagcini nje ngokubusa umhlaba nomoya, kodwa futhi namanzi. Kukhona izizukulwane eziningana kanye nezinhlobo zezibankwakazi zasemanzini. Nokho, kukhona impikiswano ngegama elisetshenzisiwe, njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-dinosaur ngempela, uma kungezona ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle. Naphezu kwale nkinga, igama elithi izibankwakazi zasemanzini ngokuvamile linikezwa ithuba lokuqhubeka.

Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu zazingamakhosi olwandle nezilwandle. Nakuba ngokuvamile engaziwa kakhulu kunama-dinosaurs asemhlabeni, amanye awo athole ukuthandwa okuthile. Phakathi kwezidume kakhulu amaMosasaurs, abonakala ebalulekile ku-saga ethi "Jurassic World", amaPlesiosaurs, aphefumulela iLoch Ness Monster, kanye nama-Ichthyosaurs, afana kakhulu ngesimo namahlengethwa. . Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngama-dinosaurs asemanzini, ungangabazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda.

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Izibankwakazi ezidla inyama

Kwakukhona izibankwakazi ezidla inyama yazo zonke izinhlobo

Kunama-dinosaur amaningi esiwaziyo namuhla. Ngenxa yophenyo nokuhlaziya okwenziwa yi-paleontology, sinolwazi oluningi kakhulu ngezilwane ezashabalala ezahlala emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngama-dinosaurs adla inyama futhi sizonikeza izibonelo zalawo adume kakhulu.

Naphezu kokubukeka kwayo okwesabekayo, umuntu akumelwe akukhohlwe lokho indima yabo ngaphakathi kwezimiso zemvelo yayibaluleke kakhulu. Basiza ukulawula inani lezisulu zabo futhi ngaleyo ndlela bagweme ukugcwala ngokweqile. Namuhla bayisilinganiso emhlabeni wamanoveli namamuvi, lapho i-saga ethi "Jurassic Park" igqama. Kuwo womabili amanoveli namamuvi, izibankwakazi ezidla inyama njengeVelociraptor noma iTyrannosaurus Rex zidlala indima ebalulekile esakhiweni. Nakuba izimpilo zabalingiswa abangabantu zisengozini kulezi zilwane ezimbi kakhulu, zisho izikhathi ezimbalwa ukuthi zilandela umzwelo wazo wemvelo kuphela.

Funda ngaphezulu

Iminyaka yama-dinosaurs

Iminyaka yama-dinosaurs ibizwa ngokuthi i-Mesozoic.

Ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-dinosaurs zazizulazula emhlabeni. Inkathi yokubusa kwakhe yaziwa ngokuthi iMesozoic, Kwakungeyesibili noma kwakuyiMesozoic. Ezingeni le-zoo, kuye kwabizwa nangokuthi iminyaka yama-dinosaurs. Ngokwesayensi yezitshalo, inegama lenkathi ye-cycad. Iyingxenye ye-Phanerozoic eon ehlukaniswe ngezikali zesikhathi se-geological ezintathu ngalolu hlelo lwasendulo: i-Paleozoic, i-Mesozoic ne-Cenozoic. Ngakho-ke igama elithi "Mesozoic", elivela esiGrekini futhi lisho "impilo ephakathi". Ukuqala kwalesi sikhathi kwaba eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-251 edlule futhi yaphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kwakungezona izibankwakazi kuphela ezazihlala emhlabeni. Ezinye izinhlanzi, izingwenya nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, njengezimfudu, zachuma phakathi nale minyaka eyizigidi ezingu-185. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, ama-angiosperms, nezitshalo eziqhakazayo zaqala ukuvela. Mayelana nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, ezazigqame kakhulu kwakungama-ammonite, ama-belemnites nama-cephalopod. Ngokwendawo, ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs i-supercontinent iPangea yayinqamuka kancane kancane futhi amazwekazi aphuma kulokhu kuhlukana ayehamba aze athatha indawo yawo yamanje.

Funda ngaphezulu

ichthyosaur

ukudla kwe-ichthyosaur

Sivakashela esikhathini esidlule ukuze sikhulume ngohlobo lwe-dinosaur yasolwandle. Imayelana ichthyosaur. Ingenye yezilwane zasolwandle ezaziphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-245 edlule endaweni yasolwandle. Yakhula phakathi kwenkathi ye-Triassic futhi yashabalala e-Upper Cretaceous. Yayithatha ingxenye enkulu yezilwandle nezilwandle zaseNdiya, eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Australia, phakathi kokunye.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, i-morphology kanye nendlela yokuphila ye-Ichthyosaur.

Funda ngaphezulu

UGallimimus

I-Gallimus ifana kakhulu nentshe.

Enye yezibankwakazi ezidume kakhulu zesikhathi sethu yiGallimus. Lesi silwane sasinokwakheka okulula kakhulu kanye nemilenze yangemuva emide, ngakho-ke sasilungele ukugijima ukuze sibaleke izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukubukeka kwayo okuvamile nentamo yayo ende noqhwaku olungenamlomo ingikhumbuza kakhulu intshe. Yayinomsila omude owawusiza ukuthi igcine ibhalansi. I-Gallimus ikweleta udumo lwayo olukhulu ngokuvela kwayo kuwo womabili amanoveli namamuvi e-"Jurassic Park".

Kuze kube namuhla Yinye kuphela inhlobo yalolu hlobo eyaziwayo: Gallimimus bullatus. Leli gama livela kwisiLatini futhi lisho ukuthi "elifana nesikhukhukazi esine-bulla". I-ornithomimid theropod dinosaur eyayihlala e-Asia yanamuhla ngesikhathi se-Maastrichtian, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-70 edlule, ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-Cretaceous. Ukutholakala kwalesi silwane esidla uhlaza kwenzeke e-Nemegt Formation etholakala e-Monglia.

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