Dinosaurs

Engasekho e-Cretaceous, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule, ama-dinosaurs athathe ukunakwa kusukela kwabancane kakhulu kuya kuma-paleontologists ama-dinosaur. Akumangazi, ngoba ziyizidalwa ezinamaphiko amakhulukazi ukuthi sonke sithanda ukucabanga ukuthi ngolunye usuku zazulazula kanjani ngokukhululeka emhlabeni wethu. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-240/230 edlule, yingakho babeyizilwane ezinomgogodla. obusa eMhlabeni iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-165-175.

Noma kunjalo igama elithi dinosaur lisho "isibankwa esibi" (eyakhiwe uRichard Owen), ayizange iziphathe njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo njengoba sizazi namuhla. Eqinisweni, indlela yabo yokuhamba ekuqaleni yayiyi-bipedal, futhi ngisho nocwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi zingaba izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele. Njengoba i-metabolism iphezulu, kude nalokho obekungalindelwa esilwaneni esikhulu, bebezoshesha futhi bezojwayela ngokushesha izinguquko kunalokho obekulindelwe. Ngisho, kungenzeka ukuthi bathuthukise amakhono okuxhumana nabantu, okwabenza baphila imihlambi. Isizathu esingachaza indlela okuye kwatholakala ngayo izinsalela zayo eziningi.

Isifinyezo seziqalo nokubukeka kwama-dinosaurs

Ama-Dinosaurs avele ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-Triassic. Ingabe inzalo yama-archosaur, zona lezi okuphuma kuzo izingwenya nezinyoni. Bavuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-20 ngemva kokuqothulwa okukhulu kwe-Permian - Triassic, okuqothule u-95% wempilo eyayikhona emhlabeni. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi yini imbangela yalokhu kushabalala, kodwa impilo ithathe isikhathi eside ukuthi ilulame ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu obe nayo.

Isikhathi ababekhona ngaso kwakuyiMesozoic.Eyaziwa nangokuthi iminyaka yama-dinosaurs. Isuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-225 kuya kwezingama-65 edlule. Ithatha ingxenye ye-Triassic, nayo yonke iJurassic neCretaceous. Enye yezibankwakazi zokuqala kwakuyi-Eoraptor, isilwane esizingela kabili. Kubhekwa njengokhokho ovamile wawo wonke ama-dinosaurs ake akhona. Ngesikhathi seJurassic, singathola ama-dinosaurs aziwa ngokuthi i-Diplodocus, eyayikhona phakathi kweminyaka eyi-156 ne-145 million edlule. I-Tyrannosaurus Rex edumile yayingenye yezinhlobo zokugcina ukuba khona Kunalokho, yaphila ekupheleni kweCretaceous, phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-68 kanye ne-66 edlule.

Ngaleso sikhathi, isimo sezulu sasifudumele kakhulu kunanamuhla. Cishe ngo-10 degrees ngaphezulu. Ukugxila kwe-carbon dioxide izikhathi ezi-4 ngaphezulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okwakukhona. Ingxenye esemhlabeni, ehlangene ezwenikazi elilodwa, iPangea, ayizange ibangele ugu oluningi, ngakho umphumela wokuthambisa wolwandle wawungekho. Isimo sezulu sasezwekazini sasenza ihlobo lishise kakhulu, nobusika bubanda kakhulu.

Ayenjani ama-dinosaur?

Lonke ulwazi oluqoqwe namuhla luvela kumarekhodi ezinsalela. Phakathi kwazo zingaba ngamathambo noma zingabambi, njengezinyathelo zezinyawo, ubulongwe, izimpaphe, ukubonakala kwesikhumba, nezicubu ezithambile nezitho zangaphakathi. Ngokulandelayo, ukuze baqonde futhi banqume ukuziphatha kwabo kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, imikhakha ehlukahlukene yesayensi iqala ukusebenza. I-Biology, i-chemistry, i-physics kanye ne-paleontology ikakhulukazi. Phakathi kwazo zonke, kusukela kumarekhodi atholakele, sithatha njengereferensi ulwazi esinalo namuhla lwezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, ngisho ne-physics ukuchaza i-biomechanics yazo, singaqonda ngokuseduze ukuthi zazinjani.

Ayemakhulu kangakanani ama-dinosaur?

Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ubukhulu bezibankwakazi bashintsha phakathi nezikhathi ezahlukene eyayikhona kanye nesifunda. Isibonelo, ama-80% ama-dinosaurs atholakala ku-Morrison Formation, entshonalanga ye-United States nalapho amathambo okuqala atholakala khona ngo-1877, abonakala nge-Stegosaurus kanye nama-sauropods. Lesi sakamuva sasinesisindo esilinganiselwe esingamathani angama-20, okungama-dinosaurs amakhulu kunawo wonke ake aba khona. Izinsalela ezitholakala lapho zingezeJurassic.

Kodwa-ke, izinto ezisanda kutholwa ezinjengalezo zika-2015 ziphakamisa ukuthi ubukhulu bama-dinosaurs base bukhulu kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Konke lokhu njengomphumela wokutholakala e-Argentina ngo-2015. Kwatholakala uhlaka lwamathambo e-dinosaur entsha, i-Ingentia Prima. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yayikhona phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-228 nezingu-201 eminyakeni edlule, ku-Triassic. Kulinganiselwa futhi ukuthi ubukhulu bayo bungaba ngamamitha angu-8 kuya kwangu-10 ubude, nesisindo esijwayelekile samathani angu-9. Lo mugqa omusha uchaza ukuthi ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Isu elenza ama-dinosaur abe imidondoshiya lalingaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu kunokucatshangwa, eqinisweni, cishe kusukela ekuqaleni zaqala ukuba khona. Indida yalokhu kutholakala ukuthi kwakunenkolelo yokuthi ekuqaleni ayemancane, kuyilapho empeleni i-Ingentia Prima iyisizathu sokuthi le nkolelo ayikho.

Iningi lezinsalela azikambiwa, futhi iningi lazo zonke izinhlobo zama- dinosaur ezake zaba khona azikatholakali noma cishe azikatholakali ngisho nezinsalela zazo. Ubukhulu babo bashintsha kakhulu, njenge-gigantic Argentinosaurus, Puertasaurus noma esanda kutholakala I-Patagotitan, ubukhulu bayo bufinyelele kumamitha angu-40 futhi inesisindo samathani angama-70. Abanye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bancane kakhulu, njengeCompsognathus, okwakukholelwa ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-90 iyi-dinosaur encane kunazo zonke, enobude obuyimitha eli-1 futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-3-4. Nokho, muva nje, okusha okutholakele kuye kwasusa lokho "ubuholi", futhi kwatholakala nezinhlobo ezincane. Isibonelo, i- I-Hesperonychus, enobukhulu obungamasentimitha angama-50, isisindo esingamakhilogremu ama-2, kanye ne-bipedal morphology efana ne-Compsognathus.

ukuziphatha kwe-dinosaur

Njengoba izinyoni, izingwenya, nama-dinosaurs ehla kuma-archosaur, kukhona ukuvumelana okulungile kokuthi izici eziningi zokuziphatha zivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni nokuziphatha kwazo emphakathini ezihlala emhlambini. Izincazelo zalokhu zisekelwa indlela okutholwe ngayo izinsalela eziningi zezinsalela, ukuma kwamathambo, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokulingiswa kwe-biomechanical ngekhompyutha.

Este ukuziphatha komhlambi Lokhu kwacaca kakade lapho ngo-1878 31 amathambo e-Iguanodon atholakala ndawonye eBelgium. Ngaphandle kwezizathu eziholele ekufeni kweqembu, noma ngabe ukuwa, izisulu zezinye idayinaso, njll. Into exakayo ukuthi amadiphozithi anamathambo ohlobo olufanayo avame ukutholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinye sezibonakaliso yileso sezinyathelo zezinyawo ezinezinsalela, eziqinisekisa kabusha lokhu kuziphatha kobudlelwane nomphakathi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaselwa phakathi kwama-dinosaurs kwakuvamile. Izinsalela zokulunywa umsila zitholakele, futhi kukhona ngisho nezinsalela ezifana naleyo yeVelociraptor ehlasela i-Protoceratops. Ezinye izinsalela zensalela zibonakala zibonisa ukuthi ubuzimuzimu phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kungenzeka ukuthi bukhona. Kodwa-ke, izici ezithile zazihluke kakhulu phakathi kwazo, kuye ngendawo yazo, ukudla kwazo, ubukhulu, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, njll. Okuthile okuboniswayo, ngokwezinhlobo esibhekisela kuzo.