Ukubona kwezinzwa ezilwaneni: izinzwa, izitho nezibonelo

ulwazi lwezilwane » Ama-insectos » Ukubona kwezinzwa ezilwaneni: izinzwa, izitho nezibonelo

Umbono wezinzwa wezilwane, ngamafuphi, indlela yazo yokwakha umhlaba wazo ngokushukunyiswa ngokomzimba. Uhlobo ngalunye luhlunga okungokoqobo ngama-receptors akhethekile ezithumela amasignali ohlelweni lwezinzwa, lapho ubuchopho buhlanganisa futhi buhumushele kokuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo ekusindeni nasekukhiqizeni kabusha.

Kule migqa sizohlola, ngengilazi ekhulisayo, izinzwa zakudala nezitho zazo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla (ukubona, ukuzwa, ukunambitha, ukuhogela nokuzwela kwesikhumba) nokuthi zisebenza kanjani. Sizohlanganisa ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezinja, amakati, nabantu.I-physiology yeso nendlebe, indima yokunambitha nephunga (kuhlanganise nesitho se-vomeronasal), kanye nokubuyekezwa kokuzwela kwezinkomo; sizophinde sihlole ukuthi ubuchopho buwaguqula kanjani amasiginali abe yimibono ehambisanayo, kanye nesifundo sangempela sokuziphatha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ze-otter yasendle.

Izilwane zakha kanjani umhlaba wazo wokuqonda

Sonke sihlala endaweni engokoqobo efanayo, kodwa sonke “asiboni” ngendlela efanayo. Isihluthulelo sitholakala ku-repertoire yama-sensory receptors kanye nendlela ulwazi olucutshungulwa ngayo.Inzwa ngayinye iguqula umthelela wendawo (ama-photon, amaza okucindezela, izinto zamakhemikhali, amazinga okushisa, okuthintana naye) kube ama-electrochemical impulses ahamba aye ebuchosheni.

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lwesikhuthazo (imishini, eshisayo, yamakhemikhali, noma ekhanyayo), ukudluliswa kwemizwa kuhlanganyela isimiso esivamile: amasignali ahlukene alingana nokuthi 'yebo' noma 'cha'uhlobo lwekhodi kanambambili ye-electrochemical. Ukusuka lapho, izindawo ezihlukene zezinzwa zobuchopho zihumusha lezi zimpawu njengokuzizwisa okuhlukile ngokwekhwalithi: imibala, okuthandwayo, imisindo, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ubuhlungu, noma ukudlidliza.

Ubuchopho abusosibuko; lihumusha ngendlela “elula” ezinhlotsheni zezilwane. Umbono uyaguquguquka futhi awuhlosile ukubonisa ngokwethembeka i-physics yomhlaba.kodwa kunalokho okukhuthaza ukusinda. Kungakho sijabulela ukuqina kombono: izinto ezibonakala zizinzile ngosayizi nokuma naphezu kwezinguquko esithombeni se-retina, noma imibala ehlala ingashintshile ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokukhanya.

Isibonelo sakudala yileso sezimbali ekukhanyeni kwelanga okugcwele: ama-poppies abonisa ama-photon of wavelengths esiwabona njengabomvu, kodwa abonisa namaphethini e-ultraviolet esingawaboni. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane zibona ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet futhi abanakho ukuzwela kokubomvuNgakho-ke, "izwe" labo lemibala alihambisani nelethu. Eqinisweni, ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokubona, imibala ayikho, kodwa kunalokho ukumuncwa kanye nokuboniswa kwemisebe kazibuthe.

Umbono ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla: izakhiwo zamehlo kanye nomsebenzi

Isitho esibukwayo sezilwane ezinomgogodla iso, inkundla eyinkimbinkimbi enezingqimba eziningana ezigxile kanye nemidiya esobala. Izakhi zayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-cornea, i-anterior chamber, iris, umzimba we-ciliary, i-lens, umzimba we-vitreous, i-retina, i-choroid, i-sclera, ne-optic nerve.Nakuba ukwakheka kwazo kuhluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, umqondo wokubamba nokugxilisa ukukhanya uyabiwa.

Isembozo sangaphandle, i-cornea, isobala futhi ayinayo imithambo yegazi. Ukugoba kwayo kuvumela ukugxila kokuqala futhi ivikele indawo ye-ocularNgemuva kwayo kukhona ikamelo elingaphambili elinamancoko alo aqueous, elondla izakhiwo futhi ligcine ingcindezi eyanele ye-intraocular ye-optics ye-eyeball.

I-iris ihlukanisa ikamelo langaphambili kusuka ekamelweni elingemuva futhi ilawula ukungena kokukhanya ngomfundi. I-sphincter inciphisa ububanzi bayo, futhi imisipha ye-dilator iyakwandisa.ukulungisa inani lokukhanya elifinyelela ilensi. I-epithelium yangemuva enombala ocebile we-iris inikeza iso umbala wayo futhi isiza ekuvimbeleni ukubonakala okungafuneki ngaphakathi.

Umzimba we-ciliary, otholakala ngemuva kwe-iris, wenza umsebenzi okabili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-epithelium yayo ifihla amahlaya ane-aqueous; ngakolunye, imisipha yayo ye-ciliary iguqula ukugoba kwelensi. ukulungisa kahle ukugxila ku-retina kuye ngebanga lento ebhekiwe.

Ilensi, esobala futhi evumelana nezimo, isebenza kanye ne-cornea ukuze iveze izithombe ezibukhali kuyi-retina; ngemuva kwawo, umzimba we-vitreous ugcwalisa umgodi wamehlo futhi usize ukugcina ukuma kwe-eyeball. I-choroid ne-sclera iqeda ukumboza okusekelayo nokondlayo, kanye ne-optic nerve (pair II) ithwala ulwazi iluyise ezakhiweni ezimaphakathi zobuchopho.

I-retina iyingqimba yezinzwa ngokwayo, enezingqimba ezifika kweziyishumi zama-neurons. Amaseli e-Photoreceptor ahlukaniswe ama-cones (ukubona kombala) kanye nezinduku (ukuzwela ukukhanya)Isendlalelo se-pigment sangaphandle simunca ukukhanya okuhlakazekile futhi sikhulise ukucijile, kuyilapho i-retina interneuron icubungula futhi ihlanganise isignali ezogcina iphume ngenzwa ye-optic.

Indlebe: ukuzwa nokulinganisela

Lokho esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi indlebe kuhlanganisa amasistimu amabili anemisebenzi ehambisanayo: ukuzwa (imisindo) kanye ne-vestibular (ibhalansi nokunyakaza). Bobabili babelana ngendawo ye-anatomical kanye noketshezi, kodwa ama-receptors abo ajwayelana nezisusa ezahlukene..

Indlebe engaphandle

Ihlanganisa i-auricle noma indlebe kanye nomsele wokuzwa wangaphandle, ithubhu egcina kulwelwesi lwe-tympanic. Ingxenye yayo engaphandle igcwele izindlala ze-ceruminous ezikhiqiza i-earwax., into evikelayo ebamba izinhlayiya futhi inikele empilweni yomsele.

Indlebe emaphakathi

Ngemuva kwe-eardrum kune-tympanic cavity, lapho amathambo amancane ahlangene khona: i-malleus, incus kanye ne-stapes. Umsebenzi wawo ukuguqula amaza omfutho womoya abe ukudlidliza kwemishini okulawulwayo. futhi uwadlulisele ngokuphumelelayo endlebeni engaphakathi. Ishubhu le-Eustachian, elixhuma ku-pharynx, lilinganisa izingcindezi ukuze uhlelo lusebenze ngendlela efanele.

Indlebe yangaphakathi

I-labyrinth yamathambo igcina i-vestibule, imisele eyisiyingi kanye ne-cochlea; ngaphakathi kugijima i-membranous labyrinth ne-utricle, saccule kanye ne-cochlear duct. Le migodi iqukethe i-endolymph ne-perilymph kuye ngendawo, futhi ngaphakathi kwawo kuhlala ama-receptors ahumusha ukunyakaza kube amasignali ezinzwa.

Kuhlelo lwe-vestibular (i-utricle, i-saccule ne-semicircular canals) amaseli ezinwele abona ukusheshisa kwe-angular kanye nomugqa kanye nesimo esihlobene namandla adonsela phansi. Ku-cochlea, isitho se-Corti siguqula ukudlidliza kube ama-impulses ahlanganisa umsindo.I-innervation ihlinzekwa yi-vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), edlulisela ulwazi lokuzwa nokulinganisa ebuchosheni.

Ukunambitha: ama-taste buds nezindlela zesignali

Umuzwa wokunambitha ukhomba inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ancibilikisiwe ngezakhiwo ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-taste buds. Lezi zinkinobho ziqukethe amaseli e-receptor anesibopho sokuqaphela ukunambitheka futhi ahlanganiswe ikakhulukazi ku-lingual papillae.

Nokho, imicu yokunambitha ayigcini olimini kuphela. Ziphinde zivele olwangeni kanye ne-epiglottis, ukwandisa indawo yokuthola. I-morphology yayo ifana ne-"anyanisi" encane, ene-apical pole ehlangene ne-medium; lapho, ama-molecule e-sapid asebenzisana nama-receptors aqala ukugeleza kwe-transduction.

Ulwazi olukhiqizwe amaseli okunambitha luqoqwa kumafayibha ezinzwa ayinhloko futhi luqondiswe ezikhungweni zemizwa lapho luhlanganiswe khona nokunuka kanye nezimpawu ze-somatosensory ezivela emlonyeni. Umphumela uwukuzizwisa kokunambitheka okucebile nokokuqukethwekubalulekile ekuqondiseni ukudla nokugwema izinto ezingaba yingozi.

Inzwa yokuhogela: i-olfactory epithelium kanye nesitho se-vomeronasal

I-epithelium enephunga eliyinhloko

Inzwa yokuhogela iqala ku-epithelium ephunga, etholakala endaweni ephakeme yekhala, eduze kogebhezi. Ama-neurons anephunga elimnandi anama-receptors acushwa ama-molecule anephunga elimnandi kanye nama-axon abo ahlangana ndawonye akha inzwa yokuhogela (i-pair I), edlula ogebhezini bese ixhuma ku-bulb enuka kamnandi.

I-epithelium enukayo eyinhloko i-pseudostratified futhi, kubantu, ihlanganisa cishe i-1 cm².². Ukwakheka kwayo kuvumela ukuchayeka kahle ephunga lomoya ohogeliwekuyilapho i-mucus yamakhala isiza ukuncibilikisa nokuthutha ama-molecule ukuya ku-cilia yezinzwa.

Izitho zokuhogela ezihambisanayo

Ngokungeziwe ohlelweni oluyinhloko lokuhogela, kunezakhiwo ezengeziwe eziyinhloko zokuhogela ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, njengesitho se-vomeronasal, isitho se-septal se-Masera, kanye ne-Grueneberg ganglion. Isitho se-vomeronasal sihamba phambili ekutholeni ama-pheromone kanye nezimpawu zamakhemikhali omphakathi., okuyisici esinqumayo ekuzalaneni nasekuphawuleni ukuziphatha.

Izinzwa zesikhumba: ukuthinta, izinga lokushisa, nobuhlungu

Isikhumba siyisitho esikhulu sezinzwa futhi siqukethe izinhlobonhlobo ezicebile ze-mechanoreceptors, ama-thermoreceptors, nama-nociceptors. Iziphetho zemizwa yamahhala zithola ukuthinta, izinga lokushisa, nobuhlungu., isatshalaliswa endaweni yonke yesikhumba ngokuminyana okuhlukahlukene kuye ngendawo.

Amanye ama-cutaneous receptors ahlanganisiwe: azungeza isiphetho senzwa ngamaseli akhethekile aguqula impendulo yawo. Iningi lingama-mechanoreceptors, azwela ukucindezela nokudlidliza, futhi zitholakala ngokuyinhloko ku-dermis, zinikeza ulwazi oluhle mayelana nemvelo eseduze.

Izinja, amakati nabantu: ukufana nokwehluka

Idokhumenti eyisithenjwa iqhathanisa amandla ezinzwa ezinjeni, amakati, nakubantu, igqamisa umehluko wokusebenza osuka emlandweni wabo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngokuvamile, izinja namakati abonisa inzuzo ephawulekayo ekuhogeleni nasekuzweni ngokuphathelene nabantu, kuyilapho abantu bephumelela ekucubunguleni umbala obonakalayo nasezicini ezithile ze-acuity emaphakathi.

Empeleni, inja ikhomba ukulandelana kwamakhemikhali ngokuzwela okukhulu kakhulu nokuhlukahluka, futhi ikati libona amaza omsindo aphezulu kanye nezinguquko ezicashile endaweni ye-acoustic. Abantu, bona, bahlanganisa amasiginali abonakalayo ayinkimbinkimbi kahle kakhulu futhi bajabulele i-chromatic repertoire ebanzi ngenxa yomnikelo wama-cones anokuzwela okuhlukile kwe-spectral, ngokungafani imibala ebonwa yizinja sibonga ukwakheka kwabo okuhlukile kwe-photoreceptor.

Ukubona ezinkomeni: ukubona, ukuzwa, ukunambitha, ukuhogela, nokuthinta

Izinkomo zinomkhakha wokubona obanzi kakhulu futhi oyi-panoramic, cishe u-300 °, okhuliswe ngomfundi wazo omude. Banendawo engaphambili yebhinobholo ukuze babone kahle futhi balinganisele ibanga., kanye nezindawo ezisemaceleni ze-monocular lapho incazelo incipha kancane futhi umbono wokukhululeka umncane.

Ngaphandle kokuphendula amakhanda abo, abakwazi ukubona ngqo ngemuva kwabo, futhi "banendawo yesithunzi" phambi kwekhala labo elingaba ngu-0 kuya ku-20 cm. I-lens yabo ye-globular eyengeziwe ivumela ukuthi bagxile ezintweni eziseduze (isibonelo, utshani).Kodwa uma ukude ziziphatha njengabantu ababona eduze futhi zidinga indawo yokuhlala; ngaphezu kwalokho, babona ukunyakaza okuncane okungabonwa yithi.

Ukujwayela izinguquko ezisheshayo ekukhanyeni kuhamba kancane, ngakho izindawo ezikhanya kakhulu noma izindawo ezinomehluko oqinile zingasebenza njengezithiyo zokuqonda. Ngokuya ngombala, ziyi-dichromatic futhi zibonisa ukuzwela okuphezulu okungaba ngu-552–555 nm (ophuzi-oluhlaza) kanye no-444–445 nm (blue-purple)Inganekwane yokuthi inkunzi iphazanyiswa ubomvu be-cape ayibambeki: okukhanga ngempela ukunyakaza.

Ukuzwa kwazo kuhle, kunokuzwela okukhulu cishe ku-8.000 Hz kanye nekhono lokuzwa amaza aphakeme kakhulu, afinyelela ku-35.000 Hz. I-auricle iselula futhi ingaqondiswa emthonjeni womsindo.Nokho, ukuqaphela kwabo indawo akunembile kangako kunabantu. Imisindo ephezulu noma engavamile ingabangela ukweqisa nokucindezeleka.

Ngokunambitha, bahlukanisa ukunambitheka okune okuyisisekelo: okumnandi, okusawoti, okubabayo nokumuncu. Bakhetha okunoshukela, kulandele okubabayo, bese kuba nosawoti, futhi ekugcineni kube muncu.isigaba esinomthelela ekukhetheni kwabo ukudla kanye nendlela abadla ngayo emadlelweni.

Inzwa yabo yokuhogela ithuthuke kakhulu futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwabo namakhemikhali. Babona izimpawu ezivela ezindlaleni ze-anal, urogenital, zomlomo, noma zesikhumba., kanye nama-pheromones alungiswa ngesitho se-vomeronasal athonya ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi.

Ukuziphatha kwe-Flehmen kuvamile kwabesilisa: baphakamisa ikhanda labo, bagobe udebe lwabo olungaphezulu, futhi bancelise kakhulu, okukhuthaza ukufika kwezinhlanganisela ku-olfactory mucosa kanye nesitho se-vomeronasal. Lena yindlela ezihlonza ngayo, isibonelo, i-estrus yesifazane ngokuhogela indawo ye-urogenital noma umchamo.; ngisho namaphunga athile asivumela ukuba sibone izimo zokucindezeleka kwabanye abantu.

Mayelana nokuthinta, izindawo ezibucayi kakhulu zihambisana nesikhumba esincane: izihlathi, intamo, isisekelo somsila, amathanga angaphakathi, umbele kanye ne-vulva. Izinzwa zobuhlungu ziningi ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi emakhaleni nangaphansi kwezimpondo.Ukuzwela kwe-thermal kubazisa ngezinga lokushisa, umswakama, nesivinini somoya, izici ezithinta ukunethezeka kwabo.

Ukucutshungulwa kobuchopho: amasignali ahlukene kanye nokungaguquguquki kokubona

Iqiniso lokuthi izinzwa ezihlukene zabelana “ngolimi” lukagesi olufanayo lisiza ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela eziningi ebuchosheni. Ubuchopho bakha isimo esihambisanayo ngokubeka kuqala lokho okuwusizo, hhayi okunembile ngokomzimba.Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda kuwuhlobo lokwakhiwa kabusha okusebenzayo kweqiniso.

Ezinye izinhlobo zinaka kakhulu izinguquko esikhundleni sezici ezizinzile zemvelo; ezinhlotsheni zethu, izindlela eziningi ziqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kombala, ubukhulu, nokuma. Ukubala ukukhululeka namabanga kudinga izilinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-sterometric kanye ne-paralalactic, okubangelwa ukucutshungulwa kwezimpawu ezivela kuwo womabili amehlo nokunyakaza kwekhanda elincane.

Isibonelo esikhuthazayo: i-otter kanye nendima yezinzwa

Indaba ka-“Sancho”, i-otter enkulu etholakala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi zase-Brazil isencane, ibonisa ukuthi ukuzwela kwezilwane nokufunda okuqondisiwe kungasiza kanjani ukubuyela emvelweni. Ngaphansi kokunakekelwa udokotela wezilwane uCarolina Vargas izinyanga zakhe zokuqala eziyisishiyagalolunyeU-Sancho wathola amakhono okuzinakekela endle.

Ezimpilweni zazo ezikhululekile, izinzwa ezinjengokuhogela, ukuzwa, nokuthinta emanzini zibalulekile ekuzingeleni, ekuboneni izingozi, nasekuhloleni. Ukusinda, ukwamukelwa abanye ontanga, kanye nesibopho somzwelo ngesikhathi sokukhula Zikhombisa izinga lezinzwa nezenhlalo lokujwayela imvelo.

Uhlu lwamagama oluwusizo lokuqonda umbono

I-Stereometric: okuhlobene ne-stereometry, igatsha lejometri elibhekene nokukalwa kwemizimba enezinhlangothi ezintathu. Kubhekiselwa ekubalweni kwevolumu, umumo, kanye nokuhlelwa kwendawo uhlelo olubonakalayo oluthi lubone ukujula nokukhululeka.

I-ParallacticNgokuphathelene ne-parallax, umehluko kuma-engeli lapho into ibukwa khona ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlukene. Lesi simiso, kanye nombono we-binocular, Inikeza izinkomba mayelana nebanga nokujula. endaweni ebonakalayo.

Izimpawu ezihlakaniphile: amaphethini wezinzwa avuma kuphela izifunda ezimbili (dlula/ungadluli), ngokuphambene nezimpawu eziqhubekayo ezinamadigri angapheli. Ukubhala ikhodi kwe-Neural kusekelwe kuzitimela zama-impulses ophethini yakhe yesikhashana neyendawo ubuchopho buyihumusha njengezimfanelo zokubona.

Izinkomba nezisetshenziswa

Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlolwa kwemibono ethile yefilosofi nesayensi mayelana nombono nolwazi, umsebenzi ka-J. Mosterín uyathakazelisa. Ubudlelwano phakathi komhlaba wangempela, umuzwa, kanye nombono okuhambisana nombono oguquguqukayo esiwugqamisile lapha.

• I-bibliography ↷

Izindikimba ezinkulu kufilosofi yesimanje: Mosterín, J. (1983). (Isihl. 1). Barcelona: SALVAT EDITORS, SA

Ungathola izinto zokufundisa ezihlobene ne-sensory physiology lapha: Landa i-PDF. Lo mthombo ugcwalisa i-anatomy kanye nokuguqulwa kwezinzwa kuchazwe kuwo wonke umbhalo.

Indlela uhlobo ngalunye oluguqula ngayo isisusa sibe yimibono incike eqoqweni lalo lama-receptors, ukwakheka kwalo kwezinzwa, nokuhlanganiswa kobuchopho. Kusukela kuma-cones nezinduku ze-retina kuya kumaseli ezinwele ze-cochlea, edlula efihlekile yokunambitha, i-epithelium ephunga kanye neziphetho ze-cutaneous nerve.Ukuhlukahluka kwezixazululo zebhayoloji kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinja, amakati, izinkomo, izinambuzane, iminenke Futhi abantu bahlala “emihlabeni” ehlukene naphezu kokuhlanganyela iplanethi efanayo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukuzwela Kwezilwane: Isayensi, Izimiso Zokuziphatha, kanye Nemithetho Eyiqaphelayo