izithelo zelulwane

Ilulwane lezithelo laziwa nangokuthi impungushe endizayo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amalulwane abangela ukwesaba ngenxa yobudlelwane obuseduze nezinganekwane ze-vampire, lezi zilwane azizona nhlobo izidalwa ezimnyama ezidla igazi lomuntu. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo, ezintathu kuphela ezincela igazi futhi zidla ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezingezona abantu. Abaningi babo balandela okunye ukudla, njengelulwane lezithelo.

Igama lesayensi lalezi zilwane ama-pteropods, kodwa zaziwa nangokuthi amalulwane esithelo, ama-megabat noma izimpungushe ezindizayo. Bawukuphela kohlobo lwe-superfamily ye-Pteropodoidea, ye-suborder Yinpterochiroptera. Njengamanje kunezinhlobo okungenani eziyi-197. SUkusatshalaliswa kwabo kuhlanganisa i-Eurasia, i-Oceania ne-Afrika, lapho bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo.

Incazelo yelulwane lezithelo

Ilulwane lezithelo livamise ukuba nekhala elifana nelenja.

Ngokuvamile, ama-pteropods angamalulwane amakhulu futhi asinda kakhulu, yingakho athola igama elithi megabats. Uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke olubizwa nge-Pteropus neohibernicus lungaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1,6 futhi lunamaphiko amakhulu angamamitha angu-1,7. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zaleli qembu ezinkulu kunama-microbat. I-Balionycteris maculata, isibonelo, inesisindo esingamagremu angu-14,2 kuphela. Kunombono oyiphutha mayelana nobukhulu bangempela bezinhlobo eziningi zelulwane lezithelo, njengoba kuvamile ukuthatha usayizi womzimba we-Pteropus ne-Acerodon noma izimpungushe ezindizayo njengereferensi yomndeni wonke. Nokho, lezi ezimbili zinosayizi we-atypical. Ngo-2004 kwenziwa ucwaningo olwakhombisa lokho Amaphesenti angu-28 ezinhlobo zama-megabat anesisindo esingaphansi kwamagremu angu-50.

Ngokungafani nama-microbat, ilulwane lezithelo linekhala le-vulpine kanye nobuso obufana nenja. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inezinzipho emunweni wesibili wemilenze yangaphambili nezindlebe ezincane. Futhi banesandiso solwelwesi lwendiza phakathi kwezitho zangemuva, okuthiwa i-uropatagium. Ngaphandle kohlobo lwe-Notopteris, wonke ama-megabat anemisila emifushane kakhulu noma ayinawo. Ngokuphathelene namaphiko, ezinhlotsheni eziningi zalo mndeni zifakwa eceleni. Kodwa-ke, e-Dobsonia ukunamathiselwa kwamaphiko kwenzeka eduze nekholomu ye-vertebral. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu abizwa ngokuthi amalulwane ane-bare-backed fruit.

[i-url ehlobene=»https://infoanimales.net/murcielagos/hammerhead-murcielago/»]

Izinzwa zelulwane lesithelo

Ama-pteropods anezakhi zofuzo eziningana eziwavumela ukuba athuthukise izinto ezithandayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-TAS1R2, lapho bekwazi ukubona ama-flavour amnandi. Lesi sakhi sofuzo sitholakala kuwo wonke amalulwane, ngaphandle kwama-vampires. Futhi banezakhi zofuzo ezimbalwa ze-TAS2R, ukuze babone ukunambitheka okubabayo.

Mayelana nephunga, babukhali kakhulu, efana nezinja ezifuywayo. Ngalo mqondo bangathola imithombo yokudla efana nompe nezithelo. Amalulwane ayisithelo ayingxenye yohlobo lwe-Nyctimene ane-stereoscopic olfaction. Ngalolu hlelo bayakwazi ukwenza imephu futhi balandele imizila ngezinhlangothi ezintathu. Njengoba kwenza iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo, abasha kanye nomama be-megabats basebenzisa iphunga ukuze babonane. Izimpungushe zesilisa zinezindlala ze-sebaceous ezikhulisiwe, ezizwelayo emahlombe azo eziphawula ngazo indawo yazo ngephunga. Izimfihlo ezikhiqizwa yilezi zindlala ziyehluka kuye ngokuthi ziwuhlobo luni. Futhi, abesilisa bayageza futhi bazimboze ngomchamo wabo.

Vista

Ilulwane lezithelo alinayo i-echolocation

Nakuba amalulwane edume ngohlelo lwawo lwe-echolocation ukuze aziqondise, iningi lama-pteropods alinalo leli khono ngakho-ke lincike ekuboneni nasekuhogeleni. Ilulwane lezithelo linamehlo amakhulu atholakala ngaphambili kwekhanda lalo. Ngokuvamile iris insundu, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ingaba bomvu noma osawolintshi.

I-acuity ebonakalayo yalezi zilwane impofu emazingeni aphezulu okukhanya, kodwa ngokukhanya okuphansi kuphakeme kunokwabantu. Ezinye izizukulwane ezifana ne-Epomophorus, i-Rousettus, ne-Eidolon zine-tapetum lucidum. Kuyisakhiwo esisemehlweni esithuthukisa ukubona ekukhanyeni okuphansi. Izinhlobo zePteropus, ngakolunye uhlangothi, azinayo.

Zonke izinhlobo eziye zahlolwa zazinamangqamuzana e-photosensitive kuma-retina azo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-cones, asetshenziselwa ukubona imibala, nezinduku. Nokho, i-Pteropus kuphela enama-cone ohlobo lwe-S. Lawa maseli ayakwazi ukubona ubude begagasi obufushane kakhulu bokukhanya. Naphezu kwalokhu kutholwa, akucaci ukuthi amalulwane akulolu hlobo angakwazi yini ukubona ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oku-ultraviolet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ze-Pteropus ziyi-dichromatic ngoba zinezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zamaseli e-cone. Ezinye izinhlobo ezintathu ezishiwo ngenhla, azinawo ama-S cones, ziyi-monochromatic, ngakho azikwazi ukubona umbala. Wonke amalulwane esithelo anomthamo omkhulu wamaseli wezinduku. Ngakho-ke, banokuzwela okuphezulu kakhulu ekukhanyeni. Lezi zici zibalulekile kulezi zinhlobo, njengoba umsebenzi wazo ngokuyinhloko ungowasebusuku.

Umjikelezo wokuphila welulwane lesithelo

Ilulwane lezithelo lingafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala kakhulu ngosayizi walo.

Njengenjwayelo kumalulwane, I-Megachiroptera ingafinyelela abantu abadala kakhulu ngosayizi wabo. Ezinye zalezi zilwane ezithunjiwe sezidlule iminyaka engu-30. Uma kucatshangelwa isimo sazo, anomphumela ophansi kakhulu wokuzala futhi avuthiwe ngokocansi sekwephuzile impela. Ezinsikazi zobuningi bezinhlobo ezikulo mndeni azibi nabantwana zize zibe phakathi konyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili ubudala. Futhi isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihamba kancane, sihlala phakathi kwezinyanga ezine neziyisithupha ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane. Ngokuvamile, wonke ama-megabat anengane eyodwa kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaba nezimo lapho bethole ababili, kodwa akuvamile ukuthi bobabili abasanda kuzalwa baphile. Njengoba izinga lokuzala lama-pteropodids liphansi, abantu bathatha isikhathi eside ukululama lapho amanani abo ehla.

Ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa kwabazali, imidlwane isala konina ize ilunyulwe futhi abesilisa abahlanganyeli kukho. Njengawo wonke amalulwane, ama-frugivores anesikhathi eside sokuncelisa. Ngokuvamile, izingane zezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ziyayeka ukuncela lapho zifinyelela ku-40% wesisindo somzimba omdala, kuyilapho ama-pteropods ayayeka ukuncelisa lapho efinyelela ku-71% wesisindo somzimba omdala. Le nqubo ingathatha phakathi kwamasonto ayisikhombisa nezinyanga ezinhlanu kulezi zilwane.

I-Fruit Bat Behaviour

Ilulwane lezithelo lihlala nabantu.

Izinhlobo eziningi zomndeni we I-Megachiroptera inomphakathi kakhulu noma inobudlelwane. Amalulwane ezithelo enza imisindo ukuze axhumane. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziyakwazi ngisho nokuguqula ukuphimisela ngokusekelwe ekusebenzelaneni okudingekayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwemisindo kuholela ekutheni abantu abasha abavela emakoloni ahlukene baxhumane namafrikhwensi ahlukene, njengokungathi yizilimi zesigodi.

Ukuziphatha komphakathi kwelulwane lezithelo kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kokuziphatha okuthile kocansi ngezinhloso ezingezona zokuzala. Kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo olubonisa ukuthi abesilisa bohlobo lwe-Rousettus aegyptiacus banikeza abesifazane ukudla ukuze bahwebe ngocansi. Elinye iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi abanye abesilisa bohlobo lwe-Pteropus pselaphon baye babonwa benza ubungqingili. Ngenxa yalokhu, ochwepheshe baqagela ukuthi amakoloni abesilisa abaphikisayo akha ngezikhathi ezibandayo kakhulu.

Nakuba ama-pteropods amaningi e-crepuscular noma ebusuku, Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo eziba diurnal. Lokhu kuziphatha kungenzeka kungenxa yokuntuleka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye kulezo zifunda. Izinhlobo ze-Diurnal zihlanganisa i-Pteropus niger, i-Pteropus molossinus, i-Pteropus seychellensis, nezinye izinhlobo ezincane.

Ukudla

Ilulwane lezithelo lidla izithelo nompe.

Iningi le-megachiroptera lidla ukudla okudliwayo, okungukuthi, lidla izithelo. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezikulo mndeni, zidla izithelo zezinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukene eziyi-188. Amanye ama-pteropods nawo adla umpe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye basebenzisa ezinye izinsiza zezitshalo ezinjengamahlumela, amaqabunga, impova, imiqumbe yezimbali, ubisi, izigaxa zembewu, amagxolo, izigaxa, namagatsha. KANYELezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukudla izikhathi ezingu-2,5 isisindo somzimba wazo esithelweni ubusuku ngabunye.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokusakazwa kwembewu. Ngakho, ezinye izitshalo ziye zavela ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo megabats. Phakathi kwalezi zici, izithelo ezinephunga elimnandi nezibukisayo eziqhelelene namahlamvu ziyagqama, ngoba kunzima ngama-pteropods ukundiza phakathi kwezithiyo eziningi.

Ilulwane lezithelo lidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusakazeni imbewu.

Ochwepheshe benza ucwaningo lapho behlaziya khona izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhiwane. Iningi laliyingxenye yokudla kwezinye izinyoni noma ama-megabat. Nokho, uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lomkhiwane olwadliwa yizo zombili. Izinyoni ezidla amakhiwane amafrikhwebu awo ayebomvu noma awolintshi, kuyilapho lezo ezidliwa ama-pteropods zazinamaza aphuzi noma aluhlaza.

Ezimweni eziningi, amalulwane ezithelo akhipha imbewu egayiwe ngemva kwesikhashana ngenxa yokuhamba kwawo ngokushesha kwamathumbu. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi bangathatha amahora angaphezu kwayishumi nambili ukususa imbewu emizimbeni yabo. Ngaleyo ndlela bayakwazi ukuhlakaza imbewu kude nesitshalo semvelaphi. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo zihamba kakhulu, zingakwazi ukubuyisela amahlathi ezindaweni ezigawuliwe. Kodwa-ke, leli khono lilinganiselwe kuphela ezitshalweni zazo ezincane, ngoba ama-megabats awadli imbewu enkulu.

Okuthunyelwe okuhlobene:

Deja un comentario