I-Chiroptera, eyaziwa ngokuthi amalulwane, iyizilwane ezifuna ukwazi kakhulu. Njengoba bezitholele igama elibi ngokuthathwa njengezidalwa ezimbi zasebusuku, baye bazala izinganekwane ezidume njengoDracula. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela ezidla igazi, zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinganekwane ze-vampire. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izifunda njengeChina, amalulwane awuphawu lwenzuzo nenjabulo. Nakuba udumo lwalezi zilwane ngokuvamile lungeluhle kakhulu, Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi abalulekile kuma-ecosystem: Zithela impova, zilawule izinambuzane, futhi zihlakaze imbewu yezitshalo.
Lezi zilwane zingezalezi zilwane ezincelisayo. Njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1100 ezimelela u-20% wazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezaziwayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ziwuhlelo lwesibili olunokuhlukahlukana kakhulu, ngemva kwamagundane. Bahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi amalulwane Yizona kuphela izilwane ezincelisayo ezikwazi ukundiza. njengoba imilenze yayo yangaphambili inamaphiko. Kodwa-ke, isici esiphawuleka kakhulu salezi zilwane yikhono lazo lokuziqondisa nokuzingela nge-echolocation.
Izinyoni, ama-pterosaur angasekho, namalulwane ukuphela kwezilwane ezinomgogodla ezingandiza. Yonke iminwe yelulwane, ngaphandle kwesithupha, ixhunywe kulwelwesi oluncane lwesikhumba olubizwa ngokuthi i-patagium. Yakhiwe ngezingqimba ezimbili zesikhumba nenye ingqimba phakathi kwazo enemithambo yegazi, izicubu ezingavalekile kanye nemicu yemisipha.
Kuye ngezinhlobo, uboya bamalulwane buyahlukahluka. Ngokuvamile zimpunga, zibomvu, ziphuzi, zimnyama noma zinsundu. Futhi ubukhulu bayo buncike ohlotsheni lwelulwane. Ilulwane i-blowfly yisilwane esincelisayo esincane kunazo zonke namuhla. Inobude obungamamilimitha angama-29 ukuya ku-33 futhi ngokuvamile inesisindo esingamagremu ama-2. Ngokuphambene, impungushe enkulu endizayo yasePhilippine ingaba ngamamitha angu-1,5 ubude futhi ibe nesisindo esingu-1,2 kilos.
Esinye isici esenza lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zihluke i-hip joint yazo, eguqulwa ibe ngu-90º. Ngakho, imilenze iqondiswe ezinhlangothini futhi amadolo acishe ahlehle. Ngenxa yalokhu, bane-gait eyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, lesi sici sibavumela ukuthi bandize kangcono nge-patagio futhi babheke phansi. Izinzwane zamalulwane zinezipho azisebenzisayo ukukhuphuka nokulenga. Lapho zilenga, isisindo sazo sisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokudonsa emathangeni azo. Lokhu kudonsa kunesibopho sokugcina izinzipho zisendaweni yokuhuka. Ngenxa yalolu mshini bangahlala belenga ngisho belele. Ngale ndlela abawamoshi amandla noma behlala kulesi sikhundla isikhathi eside.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi ezinkulu zamalulwane: I-Microchiroptera ne-Megachiroptera. Naphezu kwalokho okungase kubonakale egameni, awahlukaniswa ngobukhulu bawo. Kunama-microbat amakhulu kunamanye ama-megabat. Umehluko omkhulu ulandelayo:
I-Echolocation iyisistimu yokubona esetshenziswa amalulwane, amahlengethwa kanye nama-sperm whale. Kuwuhlelo olukhiqiza inanela ngokukhipha imisindo. Lapho umsindo ubuya, isimiso sezinzwa esizwayo siwudlulisela ebuchosheni. Lokhu kusiza lezi zilwane ukuba zithole izithiyo, ziziqondise, zithole inyamazane futhi zixhumane nezinye zezinhlobo zazo. I-Echolocation iyakwazi ukunikeza amalulwane ubukhulu, isiqondiso kanye nesivinini sezilwane ezizingelayo.
Njengoba i-echolocation ihlaziya ama-echoes, amalulwane anokuzivumelanisa nakho kokubili ukuthola amasignali nokuwakhipha. Lezi zimo zitholakala ohlelweni lokuzwa kanye ne-larynx ngokulandelanayo.
Ama-Microbat abamba i-larynx ukuze akhiphe ama-ultrasound ahluka ngesigqi, imvamisa, ukuqina, nobude besikhathi. Ukukhishwa kwenzeka ngekhala noma ngomlomo futhi emva kwalokho kukhuliswa kusetshenziswa "ama-nasal blades". Uhlobo ngalunye lukhipha amaza ahlukene. Indlebe yomuntu ikwazi ukubona kufika ku-20 kHz. Kodwa-ke, amalulwane angakhipha ku-15 kuya ku-200 kHz.
Ngenxa yomehluko wesikhathi phakathi kokuphuma komsindo nokwamukela i-echo, amalulwane abala ibanga lapho inyamazane yawo ikulo. Ukuze banqume ukuthi ikuphi, babheka ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi i-echo ifinyelele ezindlebeni ezingakwesokudla nezingakwesokunxele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinhlobo ezahlukene zine-auricle ejwayele uhlobo lwazo lokundiza: lapho endiza ngokushesha, izindlebe ziba mfishane.
Nakuba lesi simiso singabonakala siwusizo kakhulu futhi sinembile ekutholeni indlela yakho lapho kunokukhanya okuncane noma ubumnyama obuphelele, i-echolocation nayo inobubi bayo uma iqhathaniswa nombono obonakalayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona okulandelayo:
Ngokuvamile, amalulwane Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili ubudala. Izinhlobo zinezinhlelo ezihlukene zokukhwelana. Nakuba abanye beziphatha kabi futhi beshade nabalingani abahlukahlukene, abanye banomfazi oyedwa. Kulokhu, iduna nensikazi bahlala ndawonye nenzalo yabo futhi phakathi kwabo bobabili bayayivikela futhi bayondle. Futhi ukuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuqomisana kuyehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene. Kwamanye amalulwane kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuyilapho kwabanye cishe ungekho. Kungase kube ngisho nokuthi abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo zezilwane bahlangana nezinsikazi ngenkathi zilele, ngakho-ke abasabela nhlobo kukho.
Amalulwane akhulisa imibungu ezinyangeni ezi-3-6. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, isimo sezulu, kanye nokutholakala kokudla, isikhathi sokukhulelwa singathatha noma yikuphi kusukela ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amane kuya ezinyangeni eziyishumi. Ngokuvamile, abesifazane baba nomdlwane oyedwa, ubuningi obubili, udoti ngamunye kanye ngonyaka. Ezinye izinhlobo, njengelulwane elibomvu le-boreal, lingazala amaphuphu amathathu noma amane. Ukuze bakhiqize ubisi olwanele, omama badinga ukudla okuningi okunamandla. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa sezivele zinesisindo esisukela ku-10 kuya ku-30% wesisindo sikamama. Amancane athembele ngokuphelele, adinga unina ukuba azondle futhi awavikele.
Ezindaweni ezipholile, amalulwane akha amakoloni okubeletha, ungathi lezi zingane zasenkulisa. Ngakho, banciphisa izindleko zamandla kanye nokulahlekelwa ukushisa kwelungu ngalinye. Izilwane ezincane zezinhlobo ezincane ziyakwazi ukundiza ngezinsuku ezingu-20. Amalulwane amakhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, angathatha izinyanga ezintathu ukuqala indiza yawo yokuqala.
Izinhlobo eziningana zamalulwane ziye zavela ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlukene yokuzala.
Ngokwesilinganiso, amalulwane aphila phakathi kweminyaka emine nemihlanu. Nokho, bangafinyelela phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 nengama-24. Kukhona ngisho nezinhlobo ezingafinyelela eminyakeni engu-30 ubudala. Ngokuvamile, ukuphila isikhathi eside kwezilwane ezincelisayo ngokuvamile kuhlobene eduze nobukhulu bazo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuyamangaza ukuthi amalulwane angafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala enjalo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ziphila isikhathi eside ngokuphindwe kathathu nengxenye kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinobukhulu obufanayo.
Amalulwane atholakala kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kwasezindaweni ezishisayo, ezintabeni eziphakeme kakhulu, nasolwandle. Ngokuvamile zihlala emakhoneni angaphansi komhlaba njengemifantu nemifantu ezindongeni nasezihlahleni. Bahlala futhi ezakhiweni zabantu njengezindlu zangaphansi, amabhuloho noma izindawo zokugcina impahla. Ukudla kwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo kuhluke kakhulu. Iningi lazo lidla izinambuzane, ezinye izithelo kanti ezinye ziyi-omnivorous. Amalulwane amaningi aphumula emini futhi adle ebusuku. Ezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane zihlala zodwa, kanti ezinye zihlala ezindaweni ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-50. Lamakoloni amakhulu kakhulu adla amathani angama-45 kuya kwangu-250 ezinambuzane njalo ebusuku. Njengezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, amalulwane ayi-viviparous.
Lapho kufika ubusika, izilwane eziningi zingena esihogweni. Lokhu abakwenzi nje ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi, kodwa nangenxa yokuntuleka kokudla. Amalulwane amaningi awafuduki, kodwa alala embhedeni kuze kufike intwasahlobo. Phakathi nalesi simo, amalulwane behlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo futhi behlise imisebenzi yabo ye-metabolic ukuze bandise amandla abo okugcina amandla. Asikho esinye isilwane esincelisayo esikwazi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba waso njengamalulwane, angafinyelela ku -5ºC kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale isikhathi esibanda kakhulu sonyaka, amalulwane adla isamba esikhulu sokudla ukuze aqongelele futhi angabulawa yindlala ngesikhathi sokulala. Kuleli qophelo, bavuka ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze bazikhulule futhi bachame noma bashintshe izindawo. Ngenkathi ezinye izinhlobo zivuka njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi, ezinye zingalala kuze kube yizinsuku ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Amalulwane alala ebusika nawo angaba nesibibithwane ehlobo, lapho izulu libanda noma ukudla kuntuleka. Nokho, akuyona eyeqisayo njengokulala kwasebusika.
Ngokuvamile, amalulwane anezilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo ezimbalwa kakhulu. Ngokuvamile kuba izinyoni ezidla inyama, izinyoka nezibankwa ezinkulu kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezidla inyama. Nokho, ezinye izinhlobo ezethulwa abantu zingabulala amalulwane. Amakati nawo ayingozi kakhulu kumalulwane. Ukuze zizivikele, ezinye zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo ziyalwa noma zidlale zifile.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izinyoka nama-boas bagibela ezihlahleni ukuze babambe izimpungushe ezindizayo ngesikhathi bephumula. Lapho ukuhlaselwa kwabo kuphindaphindwa kakhulu, kubangela umthelela omkhulu kubantu ngokubashiya bengenawo amaphuphu noma abantu abasha. Izinyoka ezizingela emigedeni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, azinawo amalulwane njengokudla kwazo okujwayelekile.
Kukhona nezinyoni eziningana eziyingozi kumalulwane. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-kestrel evamile, i-peregrine falcon kanye noklebe waseYurophu. Inyoni edla inyama eyaziwa ngokuthi i-bat kite igxile kakhulu ekuzingeleni amalulwane. Nokho, izinyoni zasebusuku ziyingozi kakhulu kulezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo. Izikhova nezikhova zingadla kuzo ngezikhathi ezithile.
Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo, abambalwa abazingela amalulwane. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-skunk, ama-boreal raccoon, ama-mustelids, nama-bobcat. Ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ezifana nempungushe noma imbila yaseYurophu idla kuphela imidlwane ewele phansi, kodwa ayizisulu ezingavamile. Kunezinye izinhlobo ezidla amalulwane ngezikhathi ezithile, njengegundane lasendle, izicabucabu ze-mygalomorphic, i-bullfrog nezinhlanzi ezithile ezidla inyama.
Amalulwane anemikhuba yokudla ehlukahlukene njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zihlangene. Ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukahlukana kwezidlo kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi kakhulu ze-morphological, i-ecological and physiological phakathi kwezinhlobo zamalulwane. Lezi zilwane zidla izinambuzane, impova, izithelo, izimbali, umpe, amaqabunga, igazi, inyama efile, izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinhlanzi, izinyoni nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyi-omnivorous.
Amalulwane amaningi ayizinambuzane. Njengoba zingabazingeli basebusuku, azikho ukuncintisana uma kuziwa ekuphakeleni, njengoba izinyoni ezidla izinambuzane zidla ngokudla. Amalulwane angadla cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesinambuzane. Kwezinye izikhathi futhi azingela ezinye izinhlobo ze-arthropods, njengezicabucabu, ama-crustaceans, ama-centipedes noma ama-scorpions.
Amalulwane amaningi la Zincane ngosayizi futhi zibamba inyamazane yazo lapho indiza. Ukuze benze lokhu, abanye basebenzisa imilenze noma amaphiko abo. Ezinye zifakwe ulwelwesi phakathi kwemilenze yazo engezansi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-uropatagium. Ezimweni eziningi imise okwesikhwama futhi ibamba ngayo izinambuzane.
Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamalulwane, cishe ingxenye yesine idla imifino. Lezi zitholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasenkabazwe nasezindaweni ezishisayo. Zidla ikakhulukazi izithelo, umpe futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaqabunga. Ezinye izinhlobo zengeza ekudleni kwazo ngezinyoni nenyama efile. Ngokuvamile bakhetha izithelo ezinoshukela, eziyinyama ezingenaphunga eliningi noma imibala ekhanyayo. Amalulwane athela izithelo asebenzisa amazinyo awo ukudabula isithelo futhi asidle kwelinye igatsha lesihlahla elilengayo. Lapho sebesuthise isifiso sabo sokudla, bawisa zonke ezinye izithelo, kuhlanganise nembewu yaso, emila izimpande futhi ekugcineni ibe izihlahla zezithelo ezintsha. Njengamanje kunezitshalo ezingaphezu kwe-150 ezithembele kulezi zilwane ukuthi zizale.
Cishe u-5% wamalulwane ane-polynivorous, okungukuthi, adla impova. Izinhlobo zaleli qembu zinemihlathi ene-atrophied nemisipha yokukhukhumeza. Ikhala layo elide elicijile kanye nolimi olu-raspy kusiza ukufinyelela impova nompe ngaphakathi kwezimbali.
Namuhla kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamalulwane abhekwa njengezilwane ezidla inyama. Ngokuvamile zibizwa ngalokhu lapho ukudla kwazo ikakhulukazi kuhilela izilwane ezinomgogodla ezincane, zingabalwa izinhlanzi. Phakathi kokudla kwamalulwane adla inyama kuphela, kukhona amanye amalulwane, ama-arthropods, izinyoni, amagundane amancane, amaxoxo nezibankwa.
Ezinye zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo zidla izinhlanzi ngokuyinhloko, kodwa njengezilwane ezidla inyama, akuvamile ukuba kube ukudla kwazo okukhethekile. Izinhlobo ze-piscivorous ngokuvamile zinezimo ezithile ezikhethekile zokudoba: Imilenze emide kakhulu, i-spur emilenzeni yayo yangemuva, nezinzipho. Baphinde bafakwe uhlelo olubucayi kakhulu lwe-echolocation. Athola inyamazane yawo ngenxa yesiyaluyalu esibangelwa inqwaba yezinhlanzi emanzini. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona amalulwane adla izinhlanzi zasolwandle nama-crustaceans. Ngenxa yalokhu, baye bahlakulela ikhono lokuphuza amanzi anosawoti. Lesi sici asijwayelekile kakhulu ezilwaneni ezincelisayo.
Naphezu kwenkolelo ethandwayo yokuthi amalulwane adla igazi kuphela, empeleni kunezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela ezibhekwa njenge-hematophagous. Bonke bahlala eMelika futhi baziwa ngokuthi ama-vampires. Phakathi kwezisulu zayo kubalwa izinkomo, amaselesele, ama-guanaco, ama-tapir, izinja nezinyoni.
Lapho kuhwalala, amalulwane angama-vampire aphuma ukuze afune inyamazane yawo ngamaqembu abantu ababili kuya kwabayisithupha. Lapho bethola isisulu, ngokuvamile isilwane esincelisayo esilele, bahlale endaweni eseduze nesilwane bese besondela kuso uma befika ezweni. Anenzwa yokushisa emakhaleni azo ezisiza ukuba zithole indawo elungile yokuluma. Bakhotha igazi futhi ngenxa yamathe ayo, aqukethe ama-anticoagulants, ukopha kuthatha isikhathi eside.
Izisulu zalezi zilwane zilahlekelwa igazi elincane kule nqubo, cishe amamililitha angu-15 kuya kwangu-20. Nokho, amanxeba angatheleleka futhi amalulwane angadlulisela izimuncagazi kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, njengolaka. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi le zoonosis ivame kakhulu kwezinye izilwane ezinjengama-skunk noma izimpungushe, ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe lapho ubamba amalulwane ancela igazi.
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