I-Bearded Vulture: I-Biology, Indawo Yokuhlala kanye Nokulondolozwa Kwe-Vulture Eyingqayizivele

ulwazi lwezilwane » Ama-insectos » I-Bearded Vulture: I-Biology, Indawo Yokuhlala kanye Nokulondolozwa Kwe-Vulture Eyingqayizivele

Inqe elinentshebe, elaziwa nangokuthi igama lalo lesayensi IGypaetus barbatusInqe lingenye yalezo zinyoni okuthi uma ufunda kabanzi ngazo, zibe mnandi kakhulu. Leli nqe elingavamile, elihlobene nezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla ezinye zomndeni wakwa-Accipitridae, livelele ngokubukeka kwalo okungenakuphikwa, ukudla kwalo okungavamile nokukhethekile, kanye nokuhlangana kwalo eduze nezindawo eziphakeme zezintaba. Akuyona nje "enye inqe": ukuziphatha kwalo, i-biology yalo, ngisho nendlela yalo yokuxhumana ichitha imibono eminingi ephambene mayelana nezilwane ezidla ezinye.

Njengamanje, inqe elinentshebe liyi- izinhlobo ezisengozini enkulu endaweni yazo yokusabalalaIkakhulukazi eYurophu, lapho inyamalale khona ezindaweni eziningi lapho yayitholakala khona kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, futhi kuyisibonelo sendlela, ngezinhlelo zokulondolozwa eziqinile, okungenzeka ngayo ukubuyela endle uhlobo olwalunyamalale kuzo zonke izifunda. Ake sibheke ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi lunjani, luhlala kuphi, ludlani, nokuthi yiziphi izingozi ezinkulu ezibhekene naleli nqe elimangalisayo.

Iyini inqe elinentshebe futhi kungani likhetheke kangaka?

Inqe elinentshebe liyi- inyoni enkulu ye-accipitriformNjengoba iyingxenye yomndeni we-Accipitridae, njengokhozi nezinye izinkozi, igama layo elivamile livela kwenye yezindlela zayo eziphawuleka kakhulu: iqoqa amathambo namagobolondo, iwathwale iye phezulu kakhulu, bese iwaphonsa emadwaleni ukuze iwaphule ukuze ikwazi ukuwagwinya kalula.

Ngokungafani namanqe amaningi, inqe elinentshebe linayo ikhanda limbozwe yizimpaphenjengoba ngokuvamile ingafaki ikhanda layo ezidunjini ukuze idle izibilini noma inyama ethambile. Ubuchwepheshe bayo budlulele kangangokuthi ibhekwa njengohlobo lwe-osteophagous: idla cishe amathambo kuphela, into ehlukile phakathi kwezinyoni.

Ngokombono we-etymological, igama lesayensi elithi Gypaetus barbatus lingahunyushwa ngokuthi “ukhozi olunentshebe”, ebhekisela endaweni yayo ephakathi kwamanqe nezinkozi, kanye “nesilevu” esincane sezimpaphe ezimnyama ezilenga esilevini sayo, esinye sezici zayo ezivelele kakhulu.

Lolu hlobo lusakazeke kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa lune imiphakathi ehlukene kanye nezimo zokulondolozwa ezihlukene kakhulu kuye ngesifunda. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, isibonelo, kuye kwehla kakhulu, kanti ezindaweni ezinkulu zase-Asia Ephakathi kusalokhu kuvamile.

Ukubukeka kwayo okuqinile, ububanzi bamaphiko, kanye nesimo sephiko, kuhlangene nokudla kwayo okungavamile, kuye kwaholela ekutheni inqe elinentshebe liqongelele eziningi izinganekwane, izindaba zendabuko kanye nezindaba zomlando, njengokufa okudumile kombhali wemidlalo u-Aeschylus ngokushaywa ufudu oluphonswe inyoni yalolu hlobo.

Ukwakheka kanye nezici zomzimba zenqe elinentshebe

Inqe elinentshebe liyinqe le- amaphiko amakhulu, phakathi kwamamitha angu-2,75 nama-3Lokhu kuyenza ibe ngeyodwa yama-glider amakhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. Isisindo sayo sivame ukuba phakathi kwamakhilogremu angu-4,5 kuya kwangu-7, yize lokhu kuyahlukahluka kuye ngobudala, ubulili, kanye nesimo somzimba.

Amaphiko azo inde futhi incane uma iqhathaniswaAmaphiko ayo alungele ukushelela kahle ezindaweni ezinezintaba, lapho isebenzisa khona ama-thermal kanye nama-updraft. Umsila wayo mude futhi umise okwedayimane, isici esiwuhlukanisa ngokusobala kwamanye amanqe avamile njenge-griffon noma i-black vulture, anemisila emifushane futhi eyindilinga.

Esinye isici esiphawulekayo yi- ikhanda limbozwe yizimpapheLokhu kuphambene nesimo esivamile "sokuba nempandla" sezinye izinkawu ezifaka amakhanda azo ezidunjini. Lo mehluko uchazwa yimikhuba yazo yokudla: ukugxila emathanjeni nasezinsaleleni ezomile, akudingi izinga elifanayo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuhlanzeka njengezinye izilwane ezidla inyama.

Kwabantu abadala, iris inombala okuphuzi okukhuluI-sclera (ingxenye emhlophe ebonakala eduze kwe-iris) ibonakala ibomvu. Lapho inyoni ijabula, kungaba ngenxa yokucindezeleka, intukuthelo, noma ukuziphatha kokuzala, le ndawo ebomvu iyavuvukala futhi izimpaphe zekhanda ziyaqhekeka, zibe ithuluzi elinamandla lokuxhumana ngokubona.

Lolu hlobo alunawo ukungafani kobulili okusobalaAbesilisa nabesifazane bafana kakhulu ngaphandle, okwenza kube nzima ukubahlukanisa lapho bebabuka kuqala. Kwezinye izifundazwe ezisenyakatho, imilenze imbozwe yizimpaphe kuze kufike ezinzwaneni, kanti kwezinye izifundazwe zase-Afrika imilenze ibonakala ingenalutho, okuwumniningwane owusizo wokuhlonza izinhlobo zezilwane.

Umbala uyashintsha ngokuya ngeminyaka

Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu nge-bearded vulture ukuthi injani Izimpaphe zabo zishintsha kakhulu kukho konke ukuphila kwaboIzigaba eziningana zemibala zingahlukaniswa, okusivumela ukuthi silinganisele iminyaka ecishe ibe yileyo yabantu endle.

Ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila, izibonelo ezincane zibonisa izimpaphe ezibuswa yi- imibala ensundu nemnyamaIsisu sinombala onsundu okhanyayo, ingxenye engaphakathi yamaphiko nomsila inombala onsundu obumnyama, kanti amaphiko, kanye nekhanda nomhlane, kubonakala sengathi kumnyama cishe. Uhlobo lwesivikelo soboya obumhlophe noma izimpaphe luvelele ngemuva, oluhlukile kwezinye izimpaphe.

Phakathi konyaka wokuqala nowesithathu, intamo ihlala imnyama, kodwa izindawo ezimhlophe ziqala ukuvela Ubuso nesisu kukhumbuza ukubukeka komuntu omdala. Umsila ukhanya kancane, futhi ukushintshela emibala ekhanyayo kwenzeka kancane kancane.

Ezinhlotsheni zeminyaka engu-3-6, izimpaphe zamaphiko zithola umbala othile okumpungaIzimpaphe zentamo ziyashintsha kancane kancane, kuqala zibe nsundu bese kuba eziphuzi. Izimpaphe zamahlombe nezengalo ziyanyamalala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zidale inhlanganisela emangalisayo lapho zindiza.

Kusukela eminyakeni eyi-6, amanqe anentshebe afinyelela izimpaphe zokugcina ezindalaUmzimba, ikhanda, nentamo cishe kuba mhlophe ngokuphuzi ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwemaski emnyama ezungeze amehlo, futhi kubantu abaningi, kuba nekhola encane yezimpaphe ezimnyama phansi kwentamo. Amaphiko nomsila kumpunga, kunezimbobo zamaphiko ezimnyama kakhulu kanye namakhwapha amhlophe, okwenza kube lula ukukubona lapho undiza.

Uhlobo lwe-Eurasian kanye ne-Maghrebi, i-Gypaetus barbatus barbatus, lunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-100% ezikhula ngokushesha. imigqa emnyama emincane endaweni yendlebeLo mniningwane awukho ezinhlotsheni zaseningizimu ye-Afrika, i-Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis. Lo mehluko omncane unezela kwezinye ezihlobene nokusabalala kwendawo.

Umbala "ongcoliswe" udaka nezinto zangaphandle

Kwase kungamashumi eminyaka, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi umbala obomvu noma o-orenji wesifuba nesisu samanqe amaningi anentshebe amadala kwakuwumbala wawo wemvelo. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi lo mbala empeleni ubangelwa inqubo yoku- “ozidayile” ngobumba olucebile ngama-oxide ensimbi.

Lezi zinyoni zifuna izindawo ezinodaka ezine-iron eningi futhi zigeze kuzo ngokuphindaphindiwe, zifake izimpaphe zazo ngale mibala yemvelo. Uma lezi zinsalela zisusiwe, umbala oyisisekelo wezimpaphe zazo ubuyoba ikakhulukazi abamhlopheLokhu kuziphatha kungahlobene nokuxhumana nabantu, isimo, noma ngisho nokuvikelwa ezidakamizweni, yize kusalokhu kuyinsimu evulekile yocwaningo.

Ukuba khona kwale "dayi" yemvelo kwenza izinto zibe nzima kancane. incazelo yombala oqondile yezinhlobo, njengoba kungezona zonke izinhlobo ezibonisa izinga elifanayo lokubomvu futhi kungahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuye ngokuthi zigeza kangaki kanye nezindawo ezisetshenziswayo.

Ukucula, ukuxhumana okubonakalayo kanye nokuziphatha

Akuvamile ukuzwa inqe elinentshebe. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama, lolu hlobo luyi- kuthule kakhuluKuphela uma izizwa isongelwa kakhulu, noma kwezinye izindlela eziseduze, lapho ingakhipha khona ikhwela elifushane, elinomsindo ophezulu, nelingabonakali.

Indlela eyinhloko yokuxhumana ibonakala sengathi ezibonakalayoIsebenzisa inhlanganisela yemaski yayo emnyama, umbala wezimpaphe, ukuvuvukala kwe-sclera ebomvu yeso, kanye nendawo yezimpaphe ekhanda nasentanyeni yayo, inyoni ejabule noma enolaka ihlubula izimpaphe zayo futhi ibonise ngokucacile ukuthi i-sclera ebomvu evelele kangakanani.

Lapho indiza, isitayela sayo esihle sokushelela kanye nokunyakaza ezindaweni ezinamadwala akusebenzi nje kuphela ekunyakazeni nasekufuneni ukudla, kodwa futhi ukuxhumana kanye nendawoIzinyoni ezimbili zenza izindiza ezibukisayo, zijahane, kanye nokunye ukuxhumana emoyeni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.

Indawo yokuhlala kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo

Inqe elinentshebe lihlobene kakhulu ne- izindawo ezinezintaba eziqinileenezindonga eziqondile, imihosha ejulile, kanye nobuso obukhulu bamadwala. Lezi zindawo zinikeza izindawo eziphephile zokuhlala izidleke, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindawo eziphakeme lapho kungawiswa khona amathambo ukuze ahlukaniswe.

Uthanda izindawo lapho kukhona khona imihume, imiphetho evikelekile, noma izindawo zokungena ezinamadwala lapho zakha khona izidleke zazo, ngokuvamile ezindongeni okunzima ukuthi izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye nabantu bazifinyelele. Zivame ukwabelana ngendawo yazo yokuhlala nezinhlobo zezilwane zasezintabeni ezinjenge-chamois kanye ne-ibex, izidumbu zazo ezinikeza ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwazo.

EYurophu, yake yasabalala kabanzi, kodwa namuhla itholakala kakhulu e- Izintaba zasePyreneesInani elikhulu labantu litholakala e-Aragonese Pyrenees, lidlulela eNavarre naseCatalonia. Ngenxa yamaphrojekthi okuvuselela, liphinde likhona ezindaweni zase-Alps nasePicos de Europa.

E-Iberian Peninsula, ngaphandle kwe-Pyrenean core, kwakukhona imiphakathi e-Iberian Peninsula. Izintaba zaseCantabrian (lapho yaphela khona ngawo-1950), emagqumeni afana nePancorbo, izintaba zaseBurgos naseLa Rioja, kanye nezinye izintaba eziseningizimu. E-Andalusia, isibonelo, yayiningi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kodwa ukuzingela kanye nokuphanga izidleke kwagcina kubangele ukunyamalala kwayo ngokuphelele ngo-1987.

Ezingeni elibanzi, lolu hlobo lusalokhu kutholakala kakhulu e-Asia EphakathiItholakala kusukela eTurkey kuya eShayina. Itholakala nakwezinye izindawo zaseMpumalanga Afrika naseNingizimu Afrika, nakuba itholakala ngendlela yendawo. Ngokuvamile ihlala ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-1.500 ukuphakama, isebenzisa izintaba ezinkulu kanye nezinqwaba.

Ukunyakaza, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidleke

Ama-dungles anentshebe amabili ukuhlala phansi endaweni yazo yokuzalela, eziyisebenzisa unyaka nonyaka. Kodwa-ke, zingase zishiye okwesikhashana izindawo ezithile zokuzalela nezokudla uma izidumbu zimbalwa endaweni, zibuye lapho izimo zithuthuka.

Ucwaningo eNingizimu Afrika lubonise ukuthi amanqe anentshebe aseningizimu angafinyelela ukuhlola ngokuhlela izindawo ezingafika ku-30 ​​km² zifuna ukudla. Izinyoni ezincane ezishiya isidleke ngemva kokuzimela zingahamba amabanga amade, zihlole izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ngaphambi kokuzinza njengezindala ezizalanayo.

Noma kunjalo, lapho sebefinyelele ekuvuthweni, laba bantu abasha bavame buyela ezindaweni lapho uvela khona ukwakha amabhangqa nokusungula izidleke, ngakho-ke ukwanda kwendawo kwalolu hlobo kuhamba kancane. Lokhu kuthembeka ezindaweni zokuzalwa kunemiphumela ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi okubuyiselwa.

Iqiniso elilodwa eliphawuleka kakhulu yileli isikhathi eside sokusetshenziswa kwezinye izidlekeUcwaningo olwanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Ecology lubhale ngesidleke senqe elinentshebe eningizimu yeSpain lapho kwatholakala khona izinto ezifana nezicathulo, i-carbon-14, ezazikhona phakathi kwekhulu le-13 nele-19. Lesi sidleke sasisendaweni lapho lolu hlobo lwanyamalala khona ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, okubonisa ukuthi indawo efanayo ingasetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka yizizukulwane ezilandelanayo.

Ukudla: Uchwepheshe wamathambo

Uma kukhona into eyodwa echaza inqe elinentshebe, ukudla kwalo. Le nyoni cishe yakhiwe yinyamazane kuphela. i-osteophagousOkusho ukuthi, idla amathambo. Emhlabeni jikelele, azikho ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezaziwayo ukuthi zithembele kakhulu kulo mthombo ekudleni kwazo.

Lapho ezinye izilwane ezidla inyama, njengezilwane ezincelisayo ezidla inyama, amagwababa, noma amanqe avamile, sezidle izingxenye ezithambile zesidumbu, amanqe anentshebe ayafika. sebenzisa amathambo aseleUma zikhulu kakhulu ukuthi zingagwinywa ziphelele, ziyazibamba ngemilenze yazo, zindize phezulu bese ziziphonsa ezindaweni ezinamadwala ezikhethwe ngokucophelela ezibizwa ngokuthi “ama-bone breakers”.

Ngokuphambene nalokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo, le ndlela ayisetshenziswa nje kuphela ukufinyelela umongo wethambo, kodwa inyoni ifaneleka kahle kakhulu gwinya izingcezu zamathambo ezipheleleIngagwinya izingcezu ezingafika kumasentimitha angu-20 ubude. Isisu sayo sine-asidi kakhulu futhi siyakwazi ukugaya le nto eqinile ngempumelelo enkulu.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi nxazonke Izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zokudla kwabo zivela emathanjeni yezilwane zasekhaya nezasendle ezingavundile (izimbuzi, izimvu, ama-chamois, njll.). Okunye kuhlanganisa izikhumba, izingcezu ezincane zenyama eyomisiwe, kanye, ngezinye izikhathi, izimfudu ezifile, ezingase ziwawise zisuka phezulu ukuze ziphule amagobolondo azo.

Nakuba ukudla kwayo kuqukethe kakhulu izinsalela zezilwane ezifile, ngezinye izikhathi ingadla izilwane ezincane eziphilayo ezinethambo lomgogodlanjengegundane noma izibankwa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuncane futhi akubonisi isu laso elivamile lokondla, eligxile ngokuphelele ekuqoqeni.

Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo

Izinyoni ezimbili ezinezindevu zakheka lapho zifinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokocansi Zivame ukuhlala zizinzile impilo yazo yonke, ngaphandle kokuthi ilungu elilodwa life. Zibhekwa njengezinyoni eziphila isikhathi eside, zinesibopho esiqinile sokubambisana kanye nesu lokuzala elisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhuliseni amaphuphu ambalwa.

Isikhathi sokukhwelana sivame ukuqala phakathi Septhemba nango-OkthobaUkuqomisana kuhlanganisa ukundiza, ukubonisa emoyeni, kanye nokuziphatha okuqinisa izibopho. Ukubeka amaqanda kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kukaDisemba noMashi, kuye ngesifunda kanye nesimo sezulu, futhi ngokuvamile kuqukethe amaqanda amabili.

Bobabili abazali bayashintshana ukufukamela cishe izinyanga ezimbiliNgemva kokuchamisela, bobabili abadala bahlanganyela ekondleni nasekunakekeleni amaphuphu, nakuba empeleni elilodwa kuphela elivame ukuchuma, njengoba elinamandla livame ukuqeda elibuthakathaka, into eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-cainism", nayo evame kakhulu ezinkozini.

Inkukhu esindile ihlala esidlekeni isikhathi eside izinyanga ezine kuze kube yilapho isilungele ukundizaNgemva kokundiza kwayo kokuqala, iyaqhubeka nokondliwa abazali bayo phakathi nesikhathi sokufunda esingahlala phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-95 nezingu-247, lapho ihamba khona nabantu abadala futhi ifunde izindlela zokudla nokuphatha ukudla.

Uma le nqubo ende yokuthembela isiqediwe, le nsizwa ukukhulula futhi iqala impilo yayo yokuzimela, iqala ukunyakaza kwayo kokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, kuzothatha iminyaka ukufinyelela ukuvuthwa kokuzala kwabantu abadala, okusho ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ngakunye kwesilwane esikhulile kunomthelela omkhulu ekushintshashintsheni kwenani labantu.

Isimo sokulondoloza kanye nezinsongo zamanje

Isikhathi eside, inqe elinentshebe lalibhalwe njengohlobo lwe- "Ukukhathazeka okuncane" Ifakwe ohlwini lwezokulondolozwa komhlaba wonke ngoba igcina inani elikhulu lezilwane ezingxenyeni zase-Asia nase-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, ukwehla okubonwe ezifundeni ezahlukene kwaholela ekubeni ihlukaniswe kabusha ngokuthi "iseduze nokusongelwa" ngo-2014 yi-IUCN kanye ne-BirdLife International.

EYurophu, ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, inani labantu lancipha kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezici eziningana: Ukuzingela okuqondile, ukuphanga izidleke, ubuthi, kanye nezinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlabaIzindawo eziningi zokuhlala zanyamalala ngokuphelele, njengoba kwenzeka e-Andalusia noma eziNtabeni zaseCantabrian.

Ngenxa yezinhlelo zokulandelela ezisebenzisa ukumaka kanye nokulandelela ngomsakazo, kuye kwenzeka ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi yini izimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa ESpain. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo ezingu-28 ezitholakale zifile ePyrenees emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kubonise ukuthi ezingu-17 zazo (cishe ezingu-60,7%) zafa ngokugwinya ubuthi, ezingu-3 (10,7%) zadutshulwa, ezimbili (7,1%) zafa zibulawa ugesi ezisekelweni zezintambo zikagesi kanti eyodwa (3,5%) yafa ngokushayisana nezintambo zikagesi, kanti ezinye izimo azikaziwa ukuthi zibangelwa yini.

Ngakho-ke, usongo olukhulu kakhulu yi- ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kwezicupho ezinobuthiLokhu kubeka engcupheni ukukhula kwenani labantu futhi kuvimbela ukubuyiselwa kwamakoloni ezindaweni ezintsha. Le nkinga ithinta kakhulu izinyoni ezindala, okuyizona kanye izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zenani labantu, ngoba yizo ezinolwazi kakhulu ekutholeni izinsalela ezincane ngesikhathi sokuzalana futhi ziqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa kwezizukulwane.

Ukusetshenziswa kobuthi kube yicala eSpain kusukela ngo-1995, kodwa kusalokhu kuwumkhuba ohlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kobuthi. izindlela zokulawula izilwane zasendle eziphelelwe yisikhathiLo mkhuba, owenziwa ngabantu noma izinhlangano ezingaqeqeshwe kahle ezinganaki ukulingana kwezindawo zemvelo, uholela ekufeni kwezinkulungwane zezilwane zasendle, eziningi zazo ezidla ezinye izilwane kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezisesimweni esibucayi, ngaphezu kwamanqe anentshebe.

Umthelela wengqalasizinda kanye nokuzingela okungekho emthethweni

Imbangela yesibili ehamba phambili yokufa okungeyona eyemvelo eSpain yile izehlakalo ngezintambo zikagesi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisezindaweni ezinezintaba, eduze kwezintaba noma emithambekeni yokuphakama okuphakathi nokuphakama okuphezulu, okuyizindawo ezivame ukudlulela izinyoni ezizingelayo ezitshuzayo.

Ukufa kungenzeka ngenxa ukushayisana ngamakhebula noma nge- ugesi ngezisekelo eziklanywe kabi. Ngenhlanhla, ukwenziwa kwesimanje ekuphathweni kwezinkampani zikagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa komthetho waseYurophu kuholele ezindleleni zokulungisa: ukufakelwa kwe-conductor insulation, ukumakwa kwekhebula, kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kwezisekelo, okusiza ukunciphisa umthelela ezilwaneni zasendle.

Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kudlale indima ebalulekile ukuqothulwa komlando kwabantu abaningi amanqe anentshebe. Nakuba lokhu kuhlaselwa kungavamile kulezi zinsuku ngenxa yokuvikelwa okukhulu kwezomthetho kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa, kusenezimo ezihlukile ezithinta ukubuyiselwa kwezinhlobo.

Umphakathi wokuzingela, ikakhulukazi, usuthathe isimo senhlonipho, futhi abaningi bangabokuqala Bika izenzo zomshoshaphansi ezilimaza isithombe somkhakha futhi zisongela izinhlobo zezilwane ezifanekiselayo. Ukuvela kwamasiko kanye nokuqwashisa ngemvelo komphakathi kuhlobene kakhulu nokuhlonipha izilwane zasendle.

Kanye nalezi zinsongo eziqondile, kumele sengeze ezinye ezisakazeke kakhulu, njengokuthi ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda enkulu ezindaweni ezinezintaba, ukwanda kokuphazamiseka kwabantu emifuleni ebucayi nasemaweni amatshe, kanye nemiphumela yemisebenzi ethile yezemidlalo noma yezokuvakasha engalawulwa kahle.

Izinguquko ekulimeni kwemfuyo kanye nokutholakala kokudla

Inqe elinentshebe lithembele kakhulu ku- ukulima kwemfuyo okubanzi kwendabukongoba amathambo amaningi eliwadlayo avela ezidunjini zezilwane ezidla utshani. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ukuba khona kwemihlambi ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba kwabangela ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwezidumbu ezazidla amanqe, amagwababa, nezinye izilwane ezidla inyama.

Ukufakwa esikhundleni okuqhubekayo kwale modeli yi- ukulima okujulile kwemfuyo kanye nezindlu Lokhu kunciphise ukutholakala kwezinsalela endaweni yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithethonqubo yokuphathwa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane ezisengozini enkulu, yize idingeka ngokombono wezempilo, yanciphisa ukuba khona kwezidumbu ensimini ngaleso sikhathi, yathinta wonke umphakathi wezinyoni ezidla inyama.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushiywa kwemikhuba ethile yendabuko yokwalusa ezintabeni eziphakeme kusho okuncane ukuba khona kwezilwane ezihlala ekhaya Ngenxa yalokho, amathambo ambalwa atholakalayo amanqe anentshebe. Izinhlelo eziningi zokulondolozwa kwemvelo kuye kwadingeka zisebenzisane nomkhakha wezilwane ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuphepha kwezempilo nokulondolozwa kwezilwane ezidla inyama.

Lezi zinguquko endaweni kanye nasekuphathweni kwemfuyo, kuhlangene nezinye izingcindezi, kudala isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi lapho Ukuvuselelwa kwezinhlobo kudinga indlela yomhlaba wonke, okucabangela hhayi nje ukuvikelwa okuqondile, kodwa futhi nokuphathwa kwendawo kanye nemisebenzi yabantu.

Amaphrojekthi okuvuselela kanye nesimo samanje eSpain

ESpain, kuye kwaqaliswa eziningana izinhlelo zokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa ukubuyisa inqe elinentshebe ezindaweni lapho laseliphelile khona. Omunye wemisebenzi ephawulekayo kakhulu wenzeka e-Andalusia, ikakhulukazi eCazorla, eSegura y Las Villas Natural Park, esifundazweni saseJaén.

Kulo mphakathi ozimele, lolu hlobo lwanyamalala ngokuphelele ngo-1987. Ngohlelo olukhulu lokuzalanisa okuvalelwe kanye nokukhululwa kwezinhlobo, kungenzeka ukuthi I-Andalusia okwamanje iyikhaya lamanqe anezintshebe angaba ngu-40ngokuba khona okuzinzile kanye namathuba okuhlanganiswa.

E-Picos de Europa, lapho inqe elinentshebe laphela khona ezintabeni zaseCantabrian cishe ngo-1956, imizamo yokubuyisela abantu ivumele ukubuyiselwa kwabantu abaseduze. Abantu abayizi-50, kakade ebhekwa njengempumelelo yangempela ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zaseYurophu zokubuyiselwa kwezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla ingcuba.

Enkabeni yePyrenean, ikakhulukazi e-Aragonese Pyrenees, lolu hlobo luye lwakwazi ukugcina okungaphezu kwalokho 80 ukuzalanisa ngazimbilibakha inani labantu abaningi kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ukusuka lapha, abanye abantu bathuthela eNavarre, eCatalonia nasezindaweni ezinezintaba ezizungezile, okufaka isandla ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu.

La maphrojekthi ahlangana ukuqapha kwesayensi, imfundo yezemvelo, izivumelwano nabalimi bezilwane, kanye nokulawula ukusetshenziswa kobuthiokubonisa ukuthi, ngesu elihlelwe kahle kanye nezinsiza ezanele, kungenzeka ukuguqula izinqubo zokuqothulwa kwendawo futhi kubuyiselwe esinye sezakhamuzi eziyingqayizivele kakhulu zezintaba zethu esibhakabhakeni sazo.

Izinhlobo ezincane eziqashelwayo kanye nezinto ezimangalisayo zomlando

Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-Gypaetus barbatus ziyaqashelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, I-Gypaetus barbatus barbatus, esukela ezintabeni zasenyakatho yeSpain nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika kuya enkabeni nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeShayina, ngaleyo ndlela ithatha ingxenye enkulu yesiqephu sezintaba sase-Eurasia naseMaghreb.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobo ezincane I-Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis Isakazeke empumalanga naseningizimu ye-Afrika kanye naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Arabia Peninsula. Iveza umehluko omncane wezimpaphe kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo, kodwa zombili zinezici eziyisisekelo zalolu hlobo: ukudla okudla amathambo, indawo yokuhlala enezintaba kanye namakhono amakhulu okushelela.

Phakathi kwezinto ezimangalisayo, isiko lakudala libhekisela ku-“bearded vulture” ukufa kombhali wemidlalo waseGrisi u-Aeschylus Ngo-456 BC, ngokusho kwenganekwane, inyoni yalolu hlobo yawisa ufudu lusuka phezulu kakhulu ekhanda lalo, yaluthatha njengedwala elifanele ukuphula igobolondo lalo. Okuxakayo ngale ndaba ukuthi isithunywa sevangeli sasimxwayisile ukuthi uzofa echotshozwe "yindlu," okwamholela ekubeni ashiye idolobha ukuze aligweme, kodwa wayengenakukwazi ukubalekela isiphetho sakhe.

Ngale kobuqiniso bomlando bale ndaba, lolu hlobo lwendaba lwembula umthelela wamasiko wezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama njengenqe elinentshebe, elikhona emcabangweni wabantu abahlukahlukene basezintabeni phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Namuhla, kunezinsiza ezikhethekile mayelana nalezi zinhlobo, njengezizindalwazi zesayensi, izindawo zokugcina izithombe, kanye namaphrojekthi okulondolozwa aqhutshwa yizinhlangano kanye nezinhlangano ezizinikele ku- ukuvikelwa kwenyoni enezintshebe kanye nezinyoni ezidla ingcuba Ngokuvamile, baqoqa ulwazi futhi basize ekuhleleni imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngamafuphi, inqe elinentshebe ingenye yezinyoni ezidla inyama ezihlukile kakhulu emhlabeni: inqe elibukeka lingenaphutha, uchwepheshe odlulele ekudleni amathambo, lihlala ezintabeni eziphakeme, futhi liyisisulu sezinsongo ezihlobene kakhulu nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesayensi, ukuphathwa komhlaba, ukubambisana nemikhakha efana nokulima imfuyo, kanye nokulwa nemikhuba engekho emthethweni njengokusetshenziswa kobuthi kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokusinda kwalo. izithunzi ziyaqhubeka nokuwela isibhakabhaka saseYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika amakhulu eminyaka amaningi engeziwe.